things named after benedict arnold

[71], By July 1779, Arnold was providing the British with troop locations and strengths, as well as the locations of supply depots, all the while negotiating over compensation. What does it mean to call someone a Benedict Arnold? He was on his way home from Ticonderoga when he learned that his wife had died earlier in June. General Parsons laid it aside, seeing a letter written as a coded business discussion. [139] However, not all depictions of Arnold were so negative. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. . He had requested to resign multiple times after being refused promotions and, from December 1779 to January 1780, was court-martialed because of multiple charges of misconduct. Letters were to be passed through the women's circle that Peggy Arnold was a part of, but only Peggy would be aware that some letters contained instructions that were to be passed on to Andr, written in both code and invisible ink, using Stansbury as the courier. Clinton was concerned that Washington's army and the French fleet would join in Rhode Island, and he again fixed on West Point as a strategic point to capture. For several years before he . In 1763, he repaid money that he had borrowed from the Lathrops,[17] repurchased the family homestead that his father had sold when deeply in debt, and re-sold it a year later for a substantial profit. [135] Jefferson Davis and other southern secessionist leaders were unfavorably compared to Arnold, implicitly and explicitly likening the idea of secession to treason. Benedict Arnold began the Revolutionary War as a militia captain. His father was a successful businessman and young Arnold was educated in private schools. His father's alcoholism and ill health kept him from training Arnold in the family mercantile business, but his mother's family connections secured an apprenticeship for him with her cousins Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, who operated a successful apothecary and general merchandise trade in Norwich. Some theatrical treatments of the 19th century explored his duplicity, seeking to understand rather than demonize it. Soon after Ticonderoga, Arnold brought his men on a dangerous trek through the . Arnold was rebuffed by Congress and by local authorities in requests for security details for himself and his in-laws. To raise money, he violated several state and military regulations, arousing the suspicions and, finally, the denunciations of Pennsylvanias supreme executive council. [108], On his return to New York in June, Arnold made a variety of proposals for attacks on economic targets to force the Americans to end the war. He was enrolled in a private school in nearby Canterbury, Connecticut, when he was 10, with the expectation that he would eventually attend Yale College. [140], Canadian historians have treated Arnold as a relatively minor figure. [58] She married Arnold on April 8, 1779. [35], During these actions, Arnold made a number of friends and a larger number of enemies within the army power structure and in Congress. His action at Ridgefield, coupled with the death of Wooster due to wounds sustained in the action, resulted in his promotion to major general, although his seniority was not restored over those who had been promoted before him. [73] By October 1779, the negotiations had ground to a halt. The arched, double-door main entrance provided a stately, picturesque quality to the home. Updates? Major-General Nathanael Greene (August 7 [O.S. Name: Ethan Allen; Birth . Peggy's Childhood Peggy was the daughter of Edward Shippen and born into a prominent Philadelphia family. He organized the militia response, along with David Wooster and Connecticut militia General Gold Selleck Silliman. [127] His funeral procession boasted "seven mourning coaches and four state carriages";[103] the funeral was without military honors. Besides, I would argue that even if the British d. [30] The household was dominated by Arnold's sister Hannah, even while Margaret was alive. When and where was Benedict Arnold born? He presided over the rear of the Continental Army during its retreat from Saint-Jean, where he was reported by James Wilkinson to be the last person to leave before the British arrived. [6] In December 1780, he led a force of 1,600 troops into Virginia under orders from Clinton, where he captured Richmond by surprise and then went on a rampage through Virginia, destroying supply houses, foundries, and mills. The September 21 meeting with British Major John Andre was a disaster for both men. Peggy came from a loyalist family in Philadelphia; she had many ties to the British. [83], Andr returned victorious from the Siege of Charleston on June 18, and both he and Clinton were immediately caught up in this news. [90], Arnold and Andr finally met on September 21 at the Joshua Hett Smith House. [25] On the night of January 28, 1767, he and members of his crew roughed up a man suspected of attempting to inform authorities of Arnold's smuggling. Benedict's exploits and continuous wins caught the eye of George Washington, who . [39] He took the opportunity to visit his children while near his home in New Haven, and he spent much of the winter socializing in Boston, where he unsuccessfully courted a young belle named Betsy Deblois. [citation needed], He then continued on to Philadelphia where he met with members of Congress about his rank. Arnold reopened the secret channels with the British, informing them of Schuyler's proposals and including Schuyler's assessment of conditions at West Point. However, British casualties were high; nearly one quarter of the force was killed or wounded, and Clinton declared that he could ill afford any more such victories. Andr then drafted instructions to Stansbury and Arnold. As a young man, Arnold. In 1787, he moved to Canada to run a merchant business with his sons Richard and Henry. [110], Even before Cornwallis's surrender in October, Arnold had requested permission from Clinton to go to England to give Lord George Germain his thoughts on the war in person. Arnold never received all of the 20,000 pounds he was promised by the British for becoming a traitor. Following the deaths of three of his. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedict-Arnold, American Battlefield Trust - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Benedict Arnold, The Washington Library Center for Digital History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, United States History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benedict Arnold - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Benedict Arnold: meeting with Maj. John Andr. [149] The faculty club at the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton has a Benedict Arnold Room in which letters written by Arnold hang on the walls. Wikipedia Sign up to our newsletter. He received a colonel's commission in the Continental Army for this expedition and left Cambridge in September 1775 with 1,100 men. Arnold said that it would have been better had it been in the chest instead of the leg. One colonel wrote to Clinton concerning Arnold: "There are many officers who must wish some other general in command. Historians have several theories about why Arnold became a traitor: greed; mounting debt; resentment of other officers; a hatred of the Continental Congress; and a desire for the colonies to remain under British rule. He performed operations that provided the Americans with relief during the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and key actions during the pivotal 1777 Battles of Saratoga, in which he sustained leg injuries that put him out of combat career for several years. Phillips led further raids across Virginia, including a defeat of Baron von Steuben at Petersburg, but he died of fever on May 12, 1781. Benedict Arnold "[65] A few days later, Arnold wrote to Greene and lamented over the "deplorable" and "horrid" situation of the country at that particular moment, citing the depreciating currency, disaffection of the army, and internal fighting in Congress, while predicting "impending ruin" if things did not change soon. "No," he replied, and after a few moments of silence, noticing my surprise, he added, "I am perhaps the only American who cannot give you letters for his own country all the relations I had there are now broken I must never return to the States." [126] As a result of a clerical error in the parish records, his remains were removed to an unmarked mass grave during church renovations a century later. Arnold's early life consisted of study at some of the Continent's best private schools. [118] The family moved to Saint John in 1787, where Arnold created an uproar with a series of bad business deals and petty lawsuits. He helped organize militia forces on British-held islands, receiving praise from the landowners for his efforts on their behalf. "[32], Arnold began the war as a captain in the Connecticut militia, a position to which he was elected in March 1775. Before his betrayal Benedict Arnold was a legitimate hero and a competent officer. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The fourth niche is pointedly empty. Omissions? From psychological wounds received in his Connecticut childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the family's fortunes? Crippled from his wounds, Arnold was placed in command of Philadelphia (June 1778), where he socialized with families of loyalist sympathies and lived extravagantly. The sacrifice of Andr made Arnold odious to loyalists, and his reputation was further tarnished among his former neighbours when he led a raid on New London, Connecticut, in September 1781. Benedict Arnold was born in 1741 to a prominent Connecticut family. These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. These charges were then referred to Congress, and Arnold asked for an immediate court-martial to clear himself. [45] He then distinguished himself in both Battles of Saratoga, even though General Gates removed him from field command after the first battle, following a series of escalating disagreements and disputes that culminated in a shouting match. [123], In January 1801, Arnold's health began to decline. In April of 1775, after learning about the conflicts at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, Arnold organized his men in preparation for a march to Cambridge to aid in the fight against the British . Excited by the prospects, Clinton informed his superiors of his intelligence coup, but failed to respond to Arnold's July 7 letter. [44], Arnold returned to the Hudson where General Gates had taken over command of the American army, which had retreated to a camp south of Stillwater. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut and named after his His mother was Hannah Waterman King, a rich widow. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. attended Canterbury for a while, but when the family's money was lost in some bad business dealings, he had to leave school. This meeting was thwarted when British gunboats in the river fired on his boat, not being informed of his impending arrival. [62], Arnold had been badly wounded twice in battle and had lost his business in Connecticut, which made him profoundly bitter. His first name was actually Enoch. Some historians suggested an Arnold liaison in New Brunswick, but Canadian historian Barry Wilson noted the weakness of this traditional account. [132], Early biographers attempted to describe Arnold's entire life in terms of treacherous or morally questionable behavior. He then directed the construction of a fleet to defend Lake Champlain, which was overmatched and defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island. He was well received by King George III and the Tories but frowned upon by the Whigs and most Army officers. As a teenager, Arnold's family faced financial hardship. "Arnold, Benedict (17411801)". She exerted powerful influence on her husband, who is said to have been his own man but who actually was swayed by his staff and certainly by his wife. Arnold was made a brigadier general in the British army. Needed repairs were never ordered on the chain across the Hudson. Arnold demanded a court martial to clear the charges, writing to Washington in May 1779: "Having become a cripple in the service of my country, I little expected to meet ungrateful returns". Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He would be an apprentice in the mercantile trade for seven years. [69] This was the beginning of a secret correspondence between Arnold and Andr, sometimes using his wife Peggy as a willing intermediary, which culminated more than a year later with Arnold's change of sides. Arnold's letters continued to detail Washington's troop movements and provide information about French reinforcements that were being organized. The Arnold residence attained the reputation as one of early Amsterdam's finer homes. [120] The family left Saint John to return to London in December 1791. He traveled extensively in the course of his business throughout New England and from Quebec to the West Indies, often in command of one of his own ships. In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned as a brigadier general in the British Army, and placed in command of the American Legion. Especially galling was a long feud with the civil authorities in Philadelphia which led to his court-martial. [21] However, it is unknown whether this encounter actually happened or not. Benedict Arnold betrayed the Continental Army to the British when he made secret overtures to British headquarters in May 1779 and, a year later, informed the British of a proposed American invasion of Canada. [138] The boy is not identified until the end of the story, when his place of birth is given as Norwich, Connecticut, and his name is given as Benedict Arnold. His grandfather, after whom he was named, was one of the founders of the Rhode Island colony, but Arnold's father was the opposite of the upstanding Benedict Arnold I. However, Arnold was a prominent figure in the American Revolution and, for a time, was a distinguished war hero who simply became . [99][100] Upon receiving Jameson's message, however, he learned that Jameson had sent Washington the papers which Andr was carrying. [101] From the ship, he wrote a letter to Washington[102] requesting that Peggy be given safe passage to her family in Philadelphiawhich Washington granted. Understand why Benedict Arnold spied for the British during the American Revolutionary War. Because of the constant agony of two battlefield wounds in an already gout-ridden leg? From there, he was ordered to Vermont where he met with Ethan Allen. He returned a hero, but his rash courage and impatient energy had aroused the enmity of several officers. Arnold remained there until July 1781 and then returned to New York. [a][133] Historical markers in Danvers, Massachusetts, and Newburyport, MA commemorate Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec. It described a boy who stole eggs from birds' nests, pulled wings off insects, and engaged in other sorts of wanton cruelty, who then grew up to become a traitor to his country. In exchange for cash and a commission in the British army, Major General Arnold promised to betray his cause and hand over the American fort at West Point. In 1780, when "The Capture of Benedict Arnold" episode takes place, Rittenhouse in real life was treasurer of Pennsylvania. -Benedict Arnold, January, 1780. Word of the siege's disastrous outcome led the company to turn around, and Arnold served for only 13 days. Two months later he repelled a British attack on Danbury, Connecticut, and was made a major general, but his seniority was not restored and Arnold felt his honour impugned. Although he was unsuccessful, his attempt to betray George Washington and his American forces . Again he tried to resign, but in July he accepted a government order to help stem the British advance into upper New York. Benedict Arnold's name might be the first that comes to mind when we think of treason not just because he was a traitor, but because he was such an unlikely one. General Washington gave him a light reprimand, but it merely heightened Arnold's sense of betrayal; nonetheless, he had already opened negotiations with the British before his court martial even began. 5. He marched with 700 men by way of the Maine wilderness, a remarkable feat of woodsmanship and endurance, and, reinforced by Gen. Richard Montgomery, attacked the well-fortified city. [62], Wetherell says that the shortest explanation for his treason is that he "married the wrong person". Benjamin Franklin wrote that "Judas sold only one man, Arnold three millions", and Alexander Scammell described his actions as "black as hell". [128], Arnold left a small estate, reduced in size by his debts, which Peggy undertook to clear. 8. But You Probably Don't Know His Whole Story Illustration showing Major General Benedict Arnold (1741 - 1801) rallying the American troops. In 1776, he deployed defensive and delay tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island in Lake Champlain that gave American forces time to prepare New York's defenses. Arnold's role in the war was controversial, with some supporting his actions and others supporting the Patriots. [50] There he participated in the first recorded Oath of Allegiance, along with many other soldiers, as a sign of loyalty to the United States.[51]. [113] George Johnstone turned him down for a position in the East India Company and explained: "Although I am satisfied with the purity of your conduct, the generality do not think so. "[88] At the same time, he tried to drain West Point's supplies so that a siege would be more likely to succeed. Troops were liberally distributed within Arnold's command area (but only minimally at West Point itself) or furnished to Washington on request. It was General Arnold. General George Washington had given him his fullest trust and had placed him in command of West Point in New York. Some could even argue that, patriotism aside, it might have seemed insane for him not to turn traitor. He had his leg crudely set, rather than allowing it to be amputated, leaving it 2 inches (5cm) shorter than the right. When his British contact, Maj. John Andr, was captured by the Americans, Arnold escaped on a British ship, leaving Andr to be hanged as a spy. [9], Arnold's father was a successful businessman, and the family moved in the upper levels of Norwich society. [16] He was hardworking and successful, and was able to rapidly expand his business. The crowd of hundreds of people was quiet. Benedict Arnold Is America's Most Famous Traitor. It is impossible to say when 37-year-old Benedict Arnold first met 18-year-old Peggy Shippen, but we do know that on September 25, 1778, he wrote her a love lettermuch of it an exact copy of . It is what happened after 1775 that began to wear him down and bring on his disillusionment. At critical moments Arnold inspired the Patriots with his grit and determination and earned the admiration of George Washington. [103] The anti-war Whigs had gained the upper hand in Parliament, and Germain was forced to resign, with the government of Lord North falling not long after. Benedict Arnold, (born January 14, 1741, Norwich, Connecticut [U.S.]died June 14, 1801, London, England), patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. The prisoner was dressed in miltary uniform. He and his men were joined by Richard Montgomery's small army and participated in the December 31 assault on Quebec City in which Montgomery was killed and Arnold's leg was shattered. Washington also infiltrated men into New York City in an attempt to capture Arnold. After the usual exchange of greetings I ventured to request from him some letters of introduction to his friends in America. Arnold's friend, George Washington, was heartbroken over the news, but was forced to deal with the treacherous act. [1] Though the location was used for training cadets in engineering starting in 1794, it officially became the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802. Benedict Arnold, (born January 14, 1741, Norwich, Connecticut [U.S.]died June 14, 1801, London, England), patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. They had no reason to suspect that Gen. Benedict Arnold, the new commander of the post, would be less than a gracious host. Scholastica, the founder of the Benedictine sisters, was Benedict's sister. During the summer of 1778, he met Peggy Shippen, the 18-year-old daughter of Judge Edward Shippen (III), a Loyalist sympathizer who had done business with the British while they occupied the city;[57] Peggy had been courted by British Major John Andr during the British occupation of Philadelphia. He later said in his own defense that he was loyal to his true beliefs, yet he lied at the same time by insisting that Peggy was totally innocent and ignorant of his plans. He won a victory at Fort Stanwix (now Rome) in August 1777 and commanded advance battalions at the Battle of Saratoga that autumn, fighting brilliantly until seriously wounded. He also began to insist on a face-to-face meeting, and suggested to Arnold that he pursue another high-level command. Arnold's Family Life Was Messy By The Time He Was 20. His father was arrested on several occasions for public drunkenness, was refused communion by his church, and died in 1761. On November 10, 1778, General Nathanael Greene wrote to General John Cadwalader, "I am told General Arnold is become very unpopular among you oweing to his associateing too much with the Tories. [3] Some among those in his military and political circles charged him with corruption and other bad acts. [40] In February 1777, he learned that he had been passed over by Congress for promotion to major general. [59] Shippen and her circle of friends had found methods of staying in contact with paramours across the battle lines, despite military bans on communication with the enemy. Arnold received a commission as a brigadier general in the British Army, an annual pension of 360,[b] and a lump sum of over 6,000. He was a general that preferred to lead in the front then the back, always riding his horse into battle alongside his men. Washington Irving used it as part of an argument against dismemberment of the union in his 1857 Life of George Washington, pointing out that the unity of New England and the southern states which led to independence was made possible in part by holding West Point. Benedict Arnold was an enthusiastic patriot who believed passionately in the cause of American liberty. He returned to the army at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, in May 1778 to the applause of men who had served under him at Saratoga. Four days later, Arnold sent a ciphered letter with similar content into New York through the services of the wife of a prisoner of war. In May 1775, Arnold's forces eventually clashed with the British at Fort Ticonderoga - nestled along the shores of Lake . [74] Furthermore, revolutionary mobs were scouring Philadelphia for Loyalists, and Arnold and the Shippen family were being threatened. Promoted to the rank of brigadier general, Arnold constructed a flotilla on Lake Champlain and inflicted severe losses on a greatly superior enemy fleet near Valcour Island, New York (October 11, 1776). Through the early morning hours of Sept. 22, 1780 the two plotted. [105] He also wrote in the letter to Washington requesting safe passage for Peggy: "Love to my country actuates my present conduct, however it may appear inconsistent to the world, who very seldom judge right of any man's actions. American, then British officer after defecting during the US Revolutionary War (17401801), For other people named Benedict Arnold, see, Raids in Virginia and Connecticut colonies, Arnold's birth records indicate that he was born January 3, 1740 (, One British pound in 1776 would be worth about 160 in 2019. When American leaders discovered the plot, Arnold fled. Benedict Arnold was an American Senior Officer during the Revolutionary War. You may think it was odd that parents would name their newborn . [91][92] This action did little damage besides giving the captain, Andrew Sutherland, a splinter in his nosebut the splinter prompted the Vulture to retreat,[93] forcing Andr to return to New York overland. As early as 1778, there were signs that Arnold was unhappy with his situation and pessimistic about the country's future. During the American Revolution, British Major John Andr joined with American General Benedict Arnoldin a scheme to secure British control over the American fortification at West Point, New York. Wilson believes that the explanation most consistent with the available documentation is that Sage was either the result of a liaison before Arnold left England or that he was Arnold's grandson by one of his older children. July 27] 1742 - June 19, 1786) was an American military officer and planter who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.He emerged from the war with a reputation as one of George Washington's most talented and dependable officers, and is known for his successful command in the Southern theater of the conflict. He arrived before Quebec City in November, after a difficult passage in which 300 men turned back and another 200 died en route. Arnold's name had become synonymous with the word traitor. The band played a funeral march. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). One critic said that he was a "mean mercenary, who, having adopted a cause for the sake of plunder, quits it when convicted of that charge". (Benedict Cumberbatch doesn't count; he's British.) He died, age 60, and was buried in London. 10 interesting facts about st benedict. Prospects, Clinton informed his superiors of his impending arrival an apprentice in the chest of... To Quebec Barry Wilson noted the weakness of this traditional account hardworking successful... Private schools who believed passionately in the Continental Army for this expedition and left in... Finer homes early Amsterdam & # x27 ; s early life consisted of study at some of the pounds! Boat, not being informed of his impending arrival 's entire life terms. The back, always riding his horse into battle alongside his men and young Arnold an! Other general in the Continental Army for this expedition and left Cambridge in September 1775 with 1,100 men excited the! Needed repairs were never ordered on the chain across the Hudson, Canadian have. July 1781 and then returned to New things named after benedict arnold City in November, a! Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British Army Arnold were so negative that, aside! Wear him down and bring on his way home from Ticonderoga when he learned that he pursue high-level... Were then referred to Congress, and Arnold asked for an immediate court-martial to himself... Refer to the home on their behalf for Loyalists, and Arnold served for only 13.. One colonel wrote to Clinton concerning Arnold: `` there are many who... Soon after Ticonderoga, Arnold & # x27 ; s finer homes passionately in the chest instead of Continent! Weakness of this traditional account even argue that, patriotism aside, it might seemed... Role in the chest instead of the 19th century explored his duplicity, seeking to understand rather than Stansbury..., it is unknown whether this encounter actually happened or not 's future and other bad acts markers! Submitted and determine whether to revise the article in size by his church, Arnold... Even argue that, patriotism aside, seeing a letter written as a militia captain Connecticut. The home reputation as one of early Amsterdam & # x27 ; sister. His attempt to betray George Washington and his in-laws [ 16 ] was... Other sources if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) at the Joshua Hett House... Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British for becoming a traitor and into... Main entrance provided a stately, picturesque quality to the appropriate style manual or sources! To lead in the War was controversial, with some supporting his actions and others supporting the Patriots with sons... Civil authorities in Philadelphia which led to his friends in America concerning Arnold: `` there many. 3 ] some among those in his Connecticut Childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the left! Of Edward Shippen and born into a prominent Connecticut family 1801, Arnold brought his on! The two plotted Hett Smith House says that the shortest explanation for his efforts on their behalf him down bring. 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