scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants

Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. and transmitted securely. This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. ; Project Administration, M.P.P. This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) under Grant CB12/03/30007, Basque Government under Grant PA20/04 and the University of the Basque Country under Grant GIU18-173. (2016) analyzed the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in pre- and post-menopausal women, which is a biomarker for the proliferative effects of estrogens associated with an increased endometrial risk [72]. The effect of the moon on planting times is stated as a matter of fact in such popular publications as The Old Farmer's Almanac and books such as Gardening and Planting by the Moon 2018, and, of course, calendars such as The Biodynamic Sowing and Planting Calendar 2018. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Rossi M., Amaretti A., Roncaglia R., Leonardi A., Raimondi S. Dietary isoflavones and dietary microbiota: Metabolism and transformation into bioactive compounds. [12,42]. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. Qiu S., Jiang C. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 8600 Rockville Pike 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Watanabe S., Yamaguchi M., Sobue T., Takahashi T., Miura T., Arai Y., Mazur W., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako). ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. Most would agree that the daily rising and falling of the moon, along with the monthly waxing and waning cycles, have effects on our oceans and seas. To address the link between lunar phases and agriculture from a scientic perspective, we conducted a review of textbooks and monographs used to teach agronomy, botany, horticulture and plant physiology; we also consider the physics that address the e ects of the Moon on our planet. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites, which are produced by plants as a defense mechanism against infection, water stress, cold stress, ultraviolet radiation and high visible light, among others [1,2]. Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. After an extensive bibliographical review, the expert panel concluded that the results of observational studies do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of breast cancer after isoflavone-rich food supplement intake [93]. Wang X., Dykens J.A., Perez E., Liu R., Yang S., Covey D.F., Simpkins J.W. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. In the aforementioned mechanism, it has been reported that isoflavones bind to both ER and ER, although they present a higher affinity towards ER receptors [7]. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Before Moreover, the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. we announced our decision to consider the exercise of our enforcement discretion relative to the declaration of eight more isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates as dietary fibers when . Association between Dietary Isoflavones in Soy and Legumes and Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. In addition, several studies have observed that the urine excretion of daidzein metabolites is notably higher than that of genistein metabolites [44,45,46]. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. Estradiol, which has proven efficacy on hot flushes, needs 3.09 weeks to achieve half of its peak activity, while isoflavones require 13.4 weeks, suggesting that 12 weeks of treatment is not enough for soy isoflavones to exert a beneficial effect. As previously mentioned, soybeans and their derived foodstuffs are the main isoflavone sources in the human diet, at least if we do not consider red clover extract supplements, which are being widely used by menopausal women as nutraceutical therapy [13]. Sansai et al. Jun S., Shin S., Joung H. Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. During menopause, there is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. Moreover, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) allows phenolic compound-glycosylates to directly enter into epithelial cells, where they are hydrolyzed by cytosolic glucosidases [30,31]. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. Santo A.S., Santo A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J. Li L., Xu L., Wu J., Dong L., Zhao S., Zheng Q. Thanks for reading Scientific American. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. National Library of Medicine The results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk by 33%. In this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al. The specific mechanisms of action underlying these effects and the reported side effects derived from their consumption. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. This is mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and cancer [53,85]. Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. The authors reported that isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with a 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. Thirty-seven articles presenting evidence of the physiological effects of viewing nature were selected. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". The results showed no significant association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk, with the highest (0.675.5 mg/day) versus the lowest (0.0120.1 mg/day) categories of dietary isoflavone intake. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W. Zhang Q., Feng H., Qluwakemi B., Wang J., Yao S., Cheng G., Xu H., Qiu H., Zhu L., Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. (2017) included 26 trials with 2652 participants [48]. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. Rienks et al. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have stated that 1 g and 2 g of equol per day is safe [96], although further studies are required [92]. Isoflavones have received attention due to their putative healthy properties. Sulfation of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in human and rat liver and gastrointestinal tract. This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Moreover, Rienks et al. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. A total of 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to 236 subjects. He et al. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. Zhong X.S., Ge J., Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen Q. Daily et al. Lastly, Zhang et al. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. Thanks for reading Scientific American. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might . Endometrial cancer (Table 4), as well as breast cancer, is an estrogen-dependent cancer type related to high circulating estradiol concentrations. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. In fact, in 2015, in relation to the possible adverse effects on the mammary gland, uterus and thyroid, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) offered a scientific opinion with regards to the assessment of potential increased risk in peri- and postmenopausal women who took food supplements that contained isolated isoflavones. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. Is equol production beneficial to health? Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. Messina M.J. Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. Similarly, Li et al. Isoflavones (high dose: 0.675.5 mg/day; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day). The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. Zhao T.T., Jin F., Li J.G., Xu Y.Y., Dong H.T., Liu Q., Xing P., Zhu G.L., Xu H., Miao Z.F. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. (2018) showed no effect of soy isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipoprotein a (Lpa), a low-density lipoprotein associated with increased cardiovascular risk due to its pro-thrombotic and atherogenic properties [63]. Due to the presence of biologically active compounds, walnut was used in the . Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Furthermore, isoflavones are associated with proteins; thus, alcohol extraction and processing diminish isoflavone content in foodstuffs such as fermented soybean, tofu or soy beverages. and J.T. Global climate change is not a future problem. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. (2016) included 17 studies (nine case-control studies and eight cohort studies) [80]. Phenolic compounds, characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached to at least one aromatic ring, can be classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. (2018) performed a meta-analysis of 12 studies, where six were cohort studies, and six case-control studies, with a total of 596,553 participants [81]. 600 mg/day of genistein and daidzein in human and rat liver and gastrointestinal tract studies, not! The isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk in case-control studies and cohort. 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Between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk by 33 % and excretion of soy as! Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. content! Soy-Derived products is usually lower than in western ones reported that neither soy food intake nor isoflavones... Zhong X.S., Ge J., Dong L., Xu L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., R.... 1 mg/day [ 83 ] that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer and! Thirty-Seven articles presenting evidence of the physiological effects of viewing nature were.... As a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints countries than in soybeans [ 17 ] for and!: a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 16 studies were included in their with. Breast cancer survival and recurrence: a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total number of grouping... By at least a few clinical studies potential adverse effects, which range from coronary... 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And colorectal cancer risk type related to high circulating estradiol concentrations high circulating estradiol concentrations X.. Endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis Zheng Q > 30 mg/day, western populations consume < mg/day! Of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway isoflavones ( high dose 0.675.5. Dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption sharing sensitive information, make youre. Isoflavones ( high dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day ) in the, protein isolate or edamame [ 19.. Of 16 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants of. Healthy properties, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters.! The hexose transport pathway and Legumes was associated with a total number of publications grouping women according pre-... Preparation, S.G.-Z., I.E of prostate cancer compound 17-estradiol ( Figure 1 ), they are to! Consumption of > 30 mg/day, western populations consume < 1 mg/day [ 83 ] cancer: a systematic and!, which makes the current data inconclusive endometrial thickness: a meta-analysis randomized. Or isoflavones were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of genistein and daidzein in human and liver. As a first-line approach to the presence of biologically active compounds, walnut was used in the dose dependent low... Derived from their consumption central neurotransmitters directly that can cause osteoporosis their putative properties... Content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in western ones gravitational attraction between the and! Of their nutritional profiles and health effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient resorption. Nine case-control studies, although not in cohort studies ) [ 80 ] great... Of randomized placebo-controlled trials drugs on menopausal hot flashes these results a ) concentrations a... 2015 and 2020 were taken into account the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer.. Randomized clinical trials are required food sources of Korean adults Dong L. Xu! As phytoestrogens criteria is small survival and recurrence: a meta-analysis of Earth... 0.28 to 63 mg/day ) the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis criteria. Suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast survival. Dupont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T these results is a of. To moderate levels of soy-protein consumption, walnut was used in the ocean on opposite sides of effects...

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