importance of photography in questioned document examination
2023 Robson Forensic, Inc. b. a. b. Macro lens Comprehensive digital imaging systems can provide the questioned document examiner with an extensive range of facilities for detecting irregularities on altered and counterfeit documents. In addition, the students will be enlightened about the veracity of the document examination, its application in case solving. We published on topics on fingerprints, questioned documents, forensic medicine, toxicology, physical evidence, and related case studies. For more information contact Mark Songer. Forensic Photography: Forensic Photography is the fair and accurate recording of a scene or object, of legal interest, by a camera. Questioned Documents was published in 1910, and a second edition in 1929. c. under normal lighting. researcher discussed about the medico legal importance of documents at criminal . An individual attempting free-handed simulation of writing strives for both accuracy of shape and proportion, and fluency of line; however, it is nearly impossible to achieve both. These chemicals replace the entrapped air in localized areas. Erasures are often easily detected by visual examination, and even writing erased through a chemical solvent may leave stains that are visible under infrared (IR) light or luminescence, UV radiation, or oblique lighting. Handwriting samples may be divided into two types: requested writing specimens and collected writing specimens. As with any case involving handwriting examination, the questioned signature or signatures should be carefully compared with known samples of the individuals authentic signature. c. Semi-conductors characteristics of handwriting: 1) slant 2) loops 3) pressure 4) speed . Triton X-100: Added till surface tension in between 27 to 30 dyne. Patching occurs when the writer notices an error made in their writing, such as not fully closing a letter or omitting an embellishment characteristic of the original, and corrects these errors after writing the letter or word. The examinations primary purpose is to provide evidence about suspicious or questioned documents using a variety of scientific principles and methods. Document examination might include alterations, obliterations, paper analysis, forgery, origin, determining authenticity, or any other questions. Frequently, writers attempting to disguise their handwriting will change from all uppercase to all lowercase. In this case Mark was retained to perform a Questioned Document Examination (QDE). Embossed watermarks involve processes of imparting the design when the sheet is nearly dry using an engraved (deep), in-steel roll compressing fiber. Low shutter speed Using this technique, indented impressions have been recovered from up to seven layers of paper beneath the original writings. In the modern era, any printer, dot matrix, inkjet, or laser can be used to print these translucent chemicals on paper. Photography is then used to preserve the shadowed indentation. Origin 4. Questioned documents are mainly used to identifying people and suspects involved in a crime. Questioned document examination (QDE) is a forensic science discipline pertaining to documents that are potentially disputed in a court of law. Consolidate and enhance the profession of forensic document examination. Although there are no specific college majors or degrees in forensic examination, scientific training is encouraged and continuing education courses are required to remain in good standing with the aforementioned boards. explain and define questioned documents; LO2. Handwriting identification is one of the most important areas of questioned documents. Determining the origin of the ink on a document may be especially useful in helping examiners to detect fraudulent entries or alterations in a document. Melting the polyethylene glycol, by heating the printed paper to 60 C. Melting soaked polymer into paper, resulting in a translucent area. The National Association of Document Examiners (NADE) also was established in 1979 to promote the interests of document examiners. Once this is accomplished, the examiner may turn his or her attention to the specific nature of the markings, specifically noting any defects that may be unique to an individual stamp. d. Infrared analysis. a. When examining seals and stamps, it is important that the forensic examiner first determine that the marking(s) were indeed caused by a seal or stamp, as opposed to being computer generated. Information that can be extracted from the digital watermark. It is encouraged that investigators collect 20-30 repetitions of signatures, as each will vary slightly, even in the case of collected writing specimens in which an individual is asked to write an entire page of signatures. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true});When these watermarks appear in the questioned documents, they can state origin, manufacturer, retailer, and possibly the manufacturing date. Research has also found that faxes may undergo significant dimensional changes that can result in changes in size or even distortion, further complicating the investigation of transmitted questioned documents. Watermark is a distinctive form of image, shape, text, or any design that appears translucent and fainter when light passes through it. Forensic examiners also evaluate paper documents for internal or surface weaves. Tungsten film If a document is of sufficient importance to be treated as evidence in a criminal investigation, it definitely should not be used as a scratch pad or note paper. No randomness is seen. Although this is a fairly crude and obvious way to alter a document, it may fall to the forensic examiner to attempt to decipher what was obscured. As a result, subtle details often relied upon in the analysis of handwriting or typed writing may not be reproduced. identify and see the different instrument used in document examinations; LO6 . Then, answer each question that follows. This document contains an unsolicited letter of gratitude from one of Marks many satisfied clients. For example, the examiner determines whether the document was printed in color or black-and-white ink, whether the document was printed with ink or toner, and whether the printing process was impact or non-impact. Photography with reflected light. Drones. Using these adjectives, write a paragraph describing the family pictured. Typewritten, printed, faxed, and photocopied documents are vulnerable to text alteration and augmentation, page substitution, and cut and paste manipulation. d.The jury, In digital photography, light is recorded as a specific charge on millions of tiny what? Handwriting is a conscious act, but due to repeated practice it becomes habitual and it becomes a subconscious act. Questioned document examiner also write reports and give testimony, when needed in court. T/F A "hot" light source has a red-orange hue, while a "cold" light source has a bluer hue. They may also result in roughened or disturbed paper fibers and impressions of the original writing, and ink written over erased areas tends to bleed slightly and spread. This replicates a translucent watermark over the sheet while maintaining sharp edges definition. Ink Examinations 3. Thus, forensic document examiners may use magnification, usually 20-40X, to better identify pen lifts and breaks, which is more often found in simulated writing, as compared to natural writing. a. out of focus. Scientific examination of questioned documents [, A scientific method for forensic examination of paper [, Everything you Wanted to Know About Watermarking: From Paper Marks to Hardware Protection [, Forensic Document Examination: Fundamentals And Current Trends [Book], Forensic Document Examination: Principles And Practice [, Scientific Examination Of Documents Methods And Techniques [. With that, the examination could lead to the individualization of a paper batch and its origin. The service is also extended to the . d. far from the photographer. Careful examination of computer printouts may allow examiners to determine the type of printer utilized; it is possible that some gross mechanical deficiency unique to a particular printer reveals individualized defects that allow the printout to be traced back to the specific machine. That is the case, and being able verify origination, content, etc is vital to justice. This is due to the fact that typewriters change in design every . Typical strategies employed when someone is attempting to disguise their handwriting include changing the slope of the writing or lengthening the terminal strokes and adding curves or other embellishments. Equal 90 percent Document examination might include alterations, obliterations, paper analysis, forgery, origin, determining authenticity, or any other questions. And, the extent of pressure applied to the design area adds more depth to watermarks. However, in comparison to typewriters, it is rarely possible to link the questioned document back to the specific computer on which it was written. The Scientific Response and Analysis Unit provides end-to-end case support, from initial assessment of investigative or intelligence information, "hot zone" capable scientists, crime scene processing and collections, evidence examination, and courtroom testimony regarding: These accrediting programs ensure that forensic laboratories meet established quality standards, and employ expert forensic investigators. A critical part of the job of the document examiner is to present evidence to the parties involved in a document dispute. A former FBI Special Agent who was also a Forensic Examiner within the FBIs Questioned Documents Unit spearheads our Questioned Document Examination (QDE) practice. 2023 Robson Forensic, Inc. Lack of fluency in execution and inconsistency of form are characteristic of disguised handwriting. In the first place, questioned document should be photographed promptly in order that a correct and permanent record maybe made of it and its condition. Relation among its parts 5. c. Sketches White balance 1. However, there will likely be evidence of laborious production, such as signs of uneven pen pressure, pen lifts, and poor line quality. Their concentration and composition determine the extent to which they can create opacity. Therefore, questioned document examiners must consider the consistency of the overall document in order to look for signs of tampering. Writers may also write with their unaccustomed hand in order to disguise their handwriting, which usually results in a drastic reduction in skill level characterized by a loss of fluency and larger letters than when written with their dominant hand. However, this information should be evaluated cautiously, as the TTI is programmable and therefore subject to alteration by a sophisticated perpetrator. Document May Be Questioned With Respect To Its 1. c. Shutter speed Gun Shot Residues/Explosive Residues There are several different types of residues found both in ammunition and explosives, And also known as the Molette Process. UV light provides more detail and contrast to an injured area, including bite marks, than standard lighting techniques. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) publishes standards for methods and procedures used by Forensic Document Examiners. These develop into adult drones. discuss the different classification of questioned documents; LO4. Once a document examiner completes the analysis and determines that the questioned and known writings are suitable for comparison, the examination process progresses to a side-by-side comparison. b. ACE-V Methodology Although there is an element of subjectivity . Because of the higher fiber density encircling the design, the logo appears opaque and deep. This process typically culminates in the presentation of gathered evidence at preliminary hearings, pretrial depositions, or in a courtroom. Document examiners are often called upon not only to identify the type of ink involved in a questioned document, but also the source of the ink. T/F An f-stop is the minimum distance that must separate two objects in order for them to be viewed as distinct objects. Showing 3 Provider(s) found in Questioned Documents/Document Examination . Documents may be altered by erasing or obscuring writing, or by changing, extending, or adding text or signatures. Key characteristics of embossed watermarks : These watermarks are easy to make and very common. Revised and expanded to reflect the most recent innovations in the field, The Scientific Examination of Documents, Fourth Edition is a handy, accessible volume detailing current best-practices for forensic document examination. Establish genuineness or non-genuineness, or to expose forgery, or to reveal alterations, additions or deletions. I would say, they are a FALSE WATERMARK. as no translucency is seen in them. Indented writing, or second page writing, is an imprint that may be left on the underlying pages when the top sheet of paper is written upon. However, more sophisticated insertions or alterations require careful examination of the document as a whole to identify discrepancies. c. Everyone involved in the case This article treats the historical and aesthetic aspects of still photography. Resolution a. Telephoto lens The lower right picture depicts the . If applicable, this procedure is non-destructive, and rather non-detectable. The process of creating a scaled drawing using specifically designed computer software, The amount of area in the foreground and background of an in-focus photographic subject that is also relatively in focus, The use of electronic means to capture light and save and image on an electronic medium such as a memory card, The measure of ease with which the silver halide grains of a given film react to light, A type of camera that uses the same lens for viewing and for taking the picture (i.e., the view through the viewfinder or on the LCD monitor shows how the photo will turn out), The setting on a camera that controls the aperture diameter to determine the amount of light transmitted by the lens, a compression method for digital files that decreases the file size without discarding digital data, one million pixels: used to describe a digital camera in terms of sensor resolution, A form that records the details of each photograph taken at a crime scene, The mechanism within a camera that exposes the film or microchip to light for a specific length of time and then closes, The most common methods of crime-scene recording do NOT include which one of the following? Therefore, there is major significance in the detection of forged security papers and banknotes. Laboratory scientific instruments: Like chemical watermarks, they are also embedded after the production of paper. Forensic Document Examination (FDE) is a forensic science discipline in which expert examiners evaluate documents disputed in the legal system. ACE-V Methodology Although there is an element of subjectivity in the field of forensic document examination, investigators findings reflect more than mere opinion. When page substitution is suspected, the date of writing or printing also should be evaluated, as chronological inconsistencies can be useful in discrediting questioned documents. Forensic document examiners are often called upon to determine whether questioned documents have been augmented or altered for fraudulent purposes. d. White balance, What feature of a digital camera's "night mode" allows the camera to gather as much light as possible to create the image? b. the investigator's hands are free to carry out other tasks while recording the notes. Unlike the traditional watermark, which uses wet paper, here a relatively drier paper is used. This makes the watermarking more detailed. Defining Questioned Documents More recently, an instrument known as an Electrostatic Detection Apparatus, or ESDA, is used to produce a visual image of the indented writing on transparency film. Computers and Printers b. Some forgers also may choose to draw a signature upside down, in which case it may be evident that the directionality of the line is incorrect. d. Pixels, The number of pixels contained in a digital camera is directly related to the detail and sharpness of the image, which is called its what? Stay up-to-date with weekly communications from Robson Forensic, including substantive technical articles, safety practices across various industries and contact information from featured experts. The Role and Importance of a Forensic Examiner. Questioned Documents. Pressure causes pattern diffusing over the sheet by making the pulp thinner and less denser, resulting in translucent watermarks. The word, derived from the Greek photos ("light") and graphein ("to draw"), was first used in the 1830s. The TTI includes information such as the senders name and fax number, the recipients fax number, and the date and time of transmission. 1.5 The trainee must develop a good working knowledge of questioned document Quick history: They were made by John Marshall in 1826. SERIES OF QUESTIONS TOPIC I: Topic I Know/discuss the relevance and role of questioned document examiners in crime detection Q1 : Q1 A document examiner with a good collection of typewriting samples can often date a typewritten document by the difference in type. Signatures Questioned document examination is a skill and an art acquired with a great deal of experience and practice and requires thorough training by a seasoned forensic document examiner. The picture on the lower left is a handwritten letter with the corner torn away. The edges of chemical watermark smudges with time. These chemicals are usually combined/replaced by the inking cartridge system of the printers. Document examiner uses their experience and skills to determine the authenticity of a document. Maintaining a style of handwriting different from ones own requires a great deal of attention, which also may result in greater pen pressure and an awkward pen position. Importance Of Identification In Handwriting. c. Notes should include location of each item of physical evidence that is recovered. Worker bees are undeveloped females. The investigation is usually initiated in the event that. Questioned document examinations involving facsimile (fax) machines often include questions around the authenticity of a reproduced signature, concerns around whether information has been altered, added, or deleted from a document, or questions about exactly when a fax was transmitted. in order to determine if a crime occurred and help solve it. b. extremely dark or extremely bright. Regardless if a scene has been videotaped, still photographs are a must at every crime scene. The exposure compensation settings on a digital camera would be used to capture an image that is: Use covers or envelopes that are large to hold the document without folding. Font and line spacing should be examined, as discrepancies may be subtle but indicative of an alteration or addition to the original document. Investigators are able to take into consideration a wide variety of individual factors characteristic of an individuals handwriting, including letter construction and proportion, pen movement and position, writing speed, letter and word spacing, and the use of embellishments, punctuation, spelling, and grammar. Transmitted faxes are often printed at a relatively low resolution, compared to documents that are printed or photocopied. The objective of this article is to focus and evaluate the role of questioned document examiner's opinion in court of law, issues and challenges of Questioned Document Examination. a. Forensic document examiners, or sometimes also referred to as questioned document examiners, are qualified specialists called upon to find forged and non-genuine signatures, replicas, and documents in criminal or sometimes even private cases.It is a precise science that incorporates a wide range of different scientific . Markings not visible to the naked eye due to obliterations, erasures and alterations often can be recovered through the use of photography and other imaging techniques that utilize ultraviolet or infrared light wavelengths. Photocopy Analysis 7. There are two internationally recognized programs that accredit forensic laboratories: The American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors Laboratory Accreditation Board and ASI-ASQ National Accreditation Board/FQS. Forensic document examiner reveals the truth by . This technique has resulted in the recovery of indented impressions on paper up to seven layers beneath the original writing, though findings may vary depending on pen pressure and paper thickness. c. Grain What does the selection suggest about the character, goals, and principles of Martin Luther King, st.? In this case Mark was retained to perform a Questioned Document Examination (QDE). The examination's primary purpose is to provide evidence about suspicious or questioned documents using a variety of scientific principles and methods. We are engaged in a broad range of QDE cases ranging from homicides to white collar crimes. The queen bee is a fully developed female. Imaging instruments such as Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) use radiations of varying wavelengths to disclose writing in a different ink. It is critical that the document examiner obtain multiple samples of an individuals handwriting for comparison to any questioned document, as natural variations will always be present in a persons handwriting, even within the same document. They have distinctive shadow-edged watermarks and are called shadow watermarks. This concise new handbook is designed specifically to aid lawyers involved in cases that involve questioned documents (QD) evidence. a. Alterations 5. Another valued method used by forensic experts is called Video Spectral Analysis (or Comparator). Authenticity 2. a. Mark, I can, In this article, Forensic Document Examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of the cases where forensic document examination can be applied, the techniques and technologies used, and standards that, In this article, forensic document examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of forensic document examination. When a questioned document examination is ordered, the first goal is to determine whether or not the document is genuine. Questioned document examination is a forensic science discipline in which documents called into question in the legal system are evaluated by a trained examiner. T/F Single lens reflex (SLR) and digital single lens reflex cameras allow the photographer to manually select the resolution. VSC / ESDA / Foram Questioned Document Examination. Photographs are imperative in court hearings and trials as it provides the judge as well as the jurors with a permanent visual record of the scene and evidence that were collected. The lens opening that allows light into the camera. A questioned document is any letter, check, driver'ss license, or other document whose authenticity is disputed. Photographs Know more: Forensic Watermark Examination of Paper: Destructive And Non Destructive Analysis. Another way to trace writing is to place carbon paper on top of the original document so that the pressure of the pen will produce a carbon impression upon the lower document. Currently, no federal licensing exists for forensic document examiners; however, in the United States, the American Board of Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE) has established guidelines and issues a certificate of qualification. Lets look at how these types of watermarks aids questioned document examiners (QDEs) in their examination of the paper. A. Vaurlo in 1959. a. Her only job is to lay eggs. The questioned document examination laboratory provides the service of scientific examination of documents and other related items and materials such as paper, photocopy, printing processes, ink jet and laser printers, and fingerprint to law enforcing government agencies in their criminal investigation. var cid='9204290220';var pid='ca-pub-8871633933419324';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-forensicreader_com-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} Ultraviolet Light Analysis Ultraviolet (UV) light technologies are used for multiple purposes in forensic investigations, including authenticating paintings and other fine art, authenticating signatures, analyzing questioned documents , illuminating latent fingerprints at crime scenes and trace evidence on clothing, analyzing ink stains, and revealing residual stains of body fluids . 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