how long does bear spray last on a surface
ft. per gallon. , it is recommended to spray bears or other wild animals at a distance of about 25 to 35 feet. The most important lesson: Do not take a shower immediately after getting pepper-sprayed. Check all the above and buy a well-known brand. Upon direct contact with eyes, respiratory system and mucous membranes, the active ingredients in the pepper spray will cause eyes to slam shut, coughing, and an intense burning sensation to the skin. Give it to the staff at your hotel. Fortunately, its use is dead simple. First, secure the trigger with a zip tie, so it doesnt accidentally discharge during the disposal process. Still, the expected effects can be identical to what an animal might suffer from, such as: No, a bear spray will not kill a human hence why its labeled a non-leather weapon. However, OC causes no permanent damage to people or bears. And if not, do you consider getting one just to err on the side of caution when hiking in the wilderness? You can theoretically use a can of bear spray more than once, depending on how you use it the first time. Bear Spray vs. The spray makes a fog in the air, causing severe irritation in the eyes, nose, mouth, throat, and lungs, temporarily disabling the bear. Can you pepper spray someone for touching you? The active ingredient is suspended into a base of oil or water by means of the carrier, and the propellant pressurizes the canister so the suspension gets released when the trigger gets pressed. Theres the active ingredient or solvent, which in bear spray is capsaicin; then a propellant that delivers that ingredient to its target. If bear spray gets on the skin, you will notice some swelling, redness, and itchiness. Real-life bear encounters might be rare but you dont want to come face to face with one barehanded. As with the grizzly bear, bear spray should be your first line of defense in a bear attack. However, substrates like wood and untreated metals may require more frequent recoating due to . Let the soap sit on carpet or furniture for at least 15 minutes before scrubbing. On lighter skin tones, it may last for five days. Substrates like plastic, ceramic, and glass typically maintain good results for a prolonged length of time. Water alone is not as effective. How long do the effects of bear mace last? According to experts, bear spray is more harmful than regular pepper spray in terms of the level of intensity, the distance covered, and the way it is dispensed. Bear spray could save your life, but not if its past its prime. A 2008 "Efficacy of Bear Deterrent Spray in Alaska" study stated: It should be understood, however, that the absolute risk from bearseven in grizzly (brown bear) countryis so low that bear spray cannot much decrease that risk. Suppose you end up in a situation where you have to defend yourself against an attacking bear. Bear spray works by shooting aerosol bursts of particles derived from hot red pepper extract (usually capsaicin) that temporarily incapacitates the animal. Use Pepper Spray Reliever made by UDAP. Stand your ground and make lots of noise. That is, as a self-defense tool to prevent an angry bear from mauling you. Your email address will not be published. Check out our Ebook bundle. These products carry an expiration date for good reason. 2y. I keep coming back to enjoy the mesmerizing beauty the park offers. but goes on to advise those seeking greater protection to opt for bear spray, saying "This incapacitating spray teaches bears a lesson without permanently maiming them. This page was last edited on 24 January 2023, at 06:15. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. People often ask this question that why do bear spray expire. Bear spray is only maximally effective during its first use. Pepper spray is pressurized, but not high-powered. Her recipes are simple, delicious, and healthy perfect for anyone who wants to cook like a pro! Which Is More Effective: a Bear Spray or a Firearm? The longer you spray continuously, the less effective the spray becomes on the second (or third) use. Your email address will not be published. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. How long do the effects of bear spray last? How long does mace last on skin? Sprays, on the other hand, even highly-effective are still affected by outside factors like wind direction, which might lead to a rather tricky situation. SABRE Frontiersman 7.9 oz. found that bear spray stopped a bear's "undesirable behavior" in 92% of cases. Instant download! It states: A person contaminated with bear spray will experience the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and lungs to swell and be irritated. Open doors and windows to increase ventilation, then use oil-free soaps such as dishwashing liquid to clean the pepper spray off walls. With time, the propellants power gradually reduces until there is no pressure left in the can. OC can also create an intense burning sensation on the surface of the skin. Its Not What You Think! Often full-attack grizzlies lower their heads as they come in, so thats about all you have to aim at. Between 20 and 40 live in Banff National Park. The smaller the canister, the more pronounced will be the reduction in performance. If the doors and windows are closed, the bear spray will prove to be a greater hazard to the victim and can persist up to 45 minutes than when it is sprayed in an open, airy field. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to dispose of bear spray properly: Generally, when bear spray is sprayed in a room, the lasting effects will depend upon how well ventilated the room is. [17] In Canada, while legal for use against bears, bear spray is a prohibited weapon if intended to be used against humans. Is bear spray stronger than pepper spray? Is Bear Spray the Same as Pepper Spray? The skin however can swell up painfully, becoming red and itchy. Should I take a shower after being pepper sprayed? Pesticide half-lives can be lumped into three groups in order to estimate persistence. On darker shades, it can last up to 10 days. This page was last edited on 24 January . Thats the R134a gas, which is the propellant that youd find in your run-of-the-mill asthma inhaler. These expiration dates dont have anything to do with the degradation of the effectiveness of the capsaicinoids used as the active ingredients in the spray, rather, they describe the time after which the product begins to lose its ability to spray well. So dont practice in advance either. The symptoms and the effects will not last for more than, Best Nikon Rangefinders Reviews 2020 Rangefinders For Hunting & Golf, Why Is Night Vision So Expensive? Post Exposure Monitoring: It will take about 45 minutes for the effects to dissipate. https://www.counterassault.com/product/inert-bear-spray-training-canister/, https://www.counterassault.com/product/8-1-oz-bear-deterrent-wbelt-holster-inert-training-canister/, I think its one of those situations where you have to wait until you see what happens the aerosol at this point may be super low so even 30 seconds may be a little too much. A towel dipped in the mixture could be used to pat and clean the affected area. What to Do if You Get Bear Spray on the Skin? What makes Marilyn stand out from other chefs is her unique approach to cooking. Its much weaker than any of those self-defense pepper sprays and it might not even fend off your attacker. Create a mixture of the cleansing agent and water in the ratio of 1:3. about 15 to 45 minutes. Normally, the propellant releases the solution in the form of fog into the air. When I say simply, I mean carefully. How to Ensure Food Availability in an Urban Survival Situation? Does Peppermint Tea Count As Water Intake? Don't spray them indoors, stand well back upwind, and be near water to wash back spray out of your eyes. It usually is somewhere between four and eight seconds. Note that this post contains affiliate links and we may earn a small commission at no extra cost to you if you buy something. One of the most sought-after experiences in Banff National Park is spotting black bears and grizzly bears. Bear Spray, Maximum Strength https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIvpLzHiCrg, How to Use Bear Spray Banff National Park (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIvpLzHiCrg), How to handle a wild boar encounter in the wilderness. How long do the effects of bear spray last? Ultimately, due to the chemical CN in mace, its classified as a type of tear gas. [23], It seems that bear spray was used, during the attack on the Capitol in Washington D.C., against Brian Sicknick, a police officer who died. Survival Kit for Natural Disasters: A Comprehensive Guide, Survival tips and tricks in the wilderness. 19 Things You Need to Know About Bear Spray (Explained!). Pesticides with shorter half-lives tend to build up less because they are much less likely to persist in the environment. Start by putting on a pair of heavy-duty rubber gloves, a face mask, and preferably some protective eye glasses. And once a pit has locked on to its prey, bear spray might not even be effective. The same applies for spray canisters that have been left in temperature extremes (below freezing point or above 50 degrees Celsius). How long does it take for pepper spray to wear off your skin? Which is stronger pepper spray or bear spray? How Long For Primer To Dry? ", "Visitor Compliance with Bear Spray & Hiking Group Size in Yellowstone National Park", "Yellowstone Launches Bear Spray Campaign", "Rules confusing around bear, pepper spray", "Yosemite National Park, California - Weapons/Firearms", "Trump sued by partner of Capitol police officer who died after January 6 attack", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear_spray&oldid=1135365408. 30 to 45 minutes. . Bear Mace is non-lethal, has no ozone-depleting chemicals, and causes no permanent damage to the animal or person sprayed. capsaicinoids, found in hot peppers) is mixed with a propellant (e.g. dishwashing liquid). Bear spray manufacturers print an expiry date on all their products, not because the product becomes ineffective, but because the pressure inside the aerosol canister drops. Aerosol canisters only hold their pressure for so long, after which time, the propellant wont deliver the active ingredient as far as it once did. But what I was wondering how many 3 second sprays can you spray before its empty and how long does it take to empty out full can of bear spray? 6 of the Best Tasers and Stun Guns for Women, The 7 Best Improvised Self Defense Weapons You Can Take Anywhere, Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsCookie PolicyDisclaimers, 2023. Some national parks, including Yellowstone and Grand Teton, offer this service. PEOPLE HAVE FENDED OFF MOUNTAIN LIONS WITH STICKS, ROCKS, EVEN A PEN. Capsaicin Levels While its hard to know the exact amount of capsaicin in a can of bear or pepper spray, it is generally true that bear spray is a lot stronger than pepper spray. Yes, bear sprays can expire before it reaches the actual expiration date printed on the can, it is generally given a shelf life of 3 to 4 years. How to build long term survival shelters? Your email address will not be published. However, in matters of self defense, where there is a minimal chance of leaving without disarming the attacker, spray in continuous bursts of 1 to 2 seconds just enough to unsettle the assailant and then run outside. The power of the spray from the canister can withstand some wind. Aim the bear spray an inch or two down the front of the bears head. What happens when the bear spray expires? The capsaicin in products sold in the U.S. are regulated by the EPA, under the FIFRA act by Congress. Its natural to want to practice use to ensure you know what to do should you need the spray, but it shortens the time you can use it continuously. This will allow the animal to divert its charge and run away instead of run towards you. Amy came face-to-face with a black bear while cycling outside Dawson City, Yukon. It is intended to be used on wild animals, like bears or cougars. Does bear spray expire? When the bear gets the spray in its face, it runs away in most cases. Worse still, you can end up covered in bear spray, as outdoor enthusiast Amy ORourke discovered. You wont make it with your bare hands. On medium shades, it can last between 7-8 days. Standard pepper sprays have around 1 million SHUs, while bear sprays pack 3 million SHUs, so its about three times as potent as the self-defense products. Do not, under any circumstance, turn your back on the bear even if it starts moving away. How long does bear spray last on a surface? This gas propellant is what forms the visible cloud that we call spray when its mixed with the capsaicin chemicals. Carry bear spray within immediate reach, preferably in a holster. It depends on the dose the bear receives. Bear sprays can expire after an outdoor hike or if they are left out in extreme temperatures. Do not store it in the trunk of a vehicle, under the seat, in the garage, or in places exposed to direct sunlight or icy conditions. Is a watch useful for survival? In a 2008 review of bear attacks in Alaska from 1985 to 2006, Smith et al. can of this powerful spray contains 18 half-second bursts, which emit a heavy stream pattern with a range of up to 17-20 feet. And this type of self-defense weapons are not meant to kill your target, but to temporarily disable it so that you may escape danger. As a former Banffite, I love writing about my favorite piece on the globe. However, it will cover a shorter distance. Put simply, it wont spray as effectively as before. ), Is It Legal To Fly With Pepper Spray? Bear spray is quite potent and serves as a shield against bears and wild animals while on hikes in forests and in wooded areas. O'Rourke stood her ground and made noise to scare it off, but the bear wasn't fazed. The difference is in the lower concentration of oleoresin capsicum in bear spray. The expiry date of the spray has no effect on the degradation of its ingredient and the effectiveness of the spray. As an Amazon Associate ParkPilgrim.com earns from qualifying purchases. In this post, I'll inform you about the best places to spot them and offer tips for safe and Park Pilgrim is a travel website dedicated to national parks in North America. 10 Rangefinders ideas got through some top hunting blogs; later, we discussed hunting equipment and got an idea to make a review guide for hunting rangefinders 2018, Rangefinders not only for hunting or shooting also for golf purpose, so suman our writer take the decision to go with both hunting and golf rangefinders! Read the label on the can to find out how long you can use your spray continuously. [11], The efficacy of bear spray depends on the situation and circumstances of the attack. Bear spray was developed in the 1980s after some deadly bear attacks on people. It depends on the dose the bear receives. Dry Time 4-6 hours before recoat. What Is the Best Way to Carry Bear Spray? In the 2008 study, Tom Smith of Brigham Young University reported, "No bear spray has ever been reported to kill a bear. Consider dosing them with a near toxic hot sauce like Dave's insanity sauce. The spray does not usually last that long because the pressure in the canister decreases over time. Your email address will not be published. Counter Assault is the longest-lasting bear spray, with a shelf life of four years. Bear spray is a very effective deterrent when used properly. and our The eyes will involuntarily close and tear, the nose will run profusely, coughing will result., Bear spray, on the other hand, infuses and irritates the mucous membranes in the bears eyes and nose. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The spray will be destroyed appropriately or used among staff for training purposes. If it does accidentally land on a human, do not worry. found that bear spray stopped a bear's "undesirable behavior" in 92% of cases. (Can I Bring It on an Aeroplane?). Bear spray, on human and animal skin, lasts for about 20 minutes after which the adverse effects (like difficulty with breathing, trouble opening the eyes, coughing, and throat irritation) start to wear off. If the trash cans near you are frequented by animals, place the empty bear spray can in a plastic bag or a ziploc bag, securing it tightly. In 7% (5 of 71) of bear spray incidents, wind was reported to have interfered with spray accuracy, although it reached the bear in all cases. Flexible can fit into any surface, such as metal, plastic, or wood. Renting bear spray is possible. In an open field and on a non-windy day, check if the bear spray has any pepper solution leftover by spraying it away from yourself. Cookie Notice If youre used to toting around a 9mm Glock 19, you might be more comfortable with that. The painful effects of the chemicals wear off after about 15 to 45 minutes, but minor effects can last 2 hours. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. In this article I will provide an answer to this question in detail and discuss what to do with the expired bear spray. Bill Pounds, who eventually founded Counter Assault bear spray, assisted Hunt and offered to help devise a prototype for a reliable aerosol bear spray canister for Hunt's research. Also, keep in mind that the bear spray will only last about 15 to 45 minutes on a bear after which the painful effects start wearing off. It analyzed 66 field uses of bear spray between 1984 and 1994 and found that, in 15 of 16 close encounters with aggressive brown bears, bear spray was effective in stopping the bear's unwanted . All rights reserved. Especially if you like hiking in the wilderness or if you live in a remote area. [24], "Reactions of free-ranging black bears to capsaicin spray", "Meet the man who changed humans' relationship with bears", "Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee Bear Spray Report June 2008", "Behavioral Responses of Bears to Tests of Repellents, Deterrents, and Aversive Conditioning", "Pepper Spray: Frequently Asked Questions", "How a Potent Pepper Spray Became the Best Bear Repellent", "Efficacy of Bear Deterrent Spray in Alaska", "How Have Yellowstone Backpackers Changed? They know that the best defense is common sense. Come on over and talk over with my site . If used properly, it can effectively deter an aggressive bear. Does expired bear spray still work? If youre still not sure about something, feel free to comment any queries below. Bear spray is a well-established self-defense tool to be used against bears and other wild beasts when you encounter them out in the woods. In severe cases, it can even cause death. While estimates of bear spray success rates range from 90 to 98%, humans are injured in 50% of bear confrontations where the human uses a firearm*. The bear sprays are made of components such as capsaicinoids, which are a part of the ingredients of bear spray. Gluten-Free Feasting in Banff: Insider's Guide to the Best Eateries. With the passage of time, even as the canister remains unused, its pressure begins to reduce and while the active ingredient remains intact the product loses its effectiveness. However, some particular national parks have strict rules regarding the use of such non-lethal self-defense devices. Pepper Gel vs Pepper Spray: Which Offers The Best Protection? In general, you can say that the painful effects of the chemicals in the spray disappear after 15 to 45 minutes. It is best to self-check and note the range before stepping out on a hike and remember to always keep an extra can ready. But what exactly is bear spray, how do you use it, how effective is it, and where can you buy it? Depending on where you live, you might be able to drop the canister off at a designated household hazardous waste drop-off point or a designated fire station. Required fields are marked *. How Long Does Bear Spray Last in the Air? How Long Does it Take for Bear Spray to Wear Off? Check for any stray breeze and make sure you stand upwind because you dont want even a whiff of it to get near you. They need to stay still, breathe normally, and relax. Sadly, nothing came out. In addition, you may experience a burning sensation on your skin for an hour or so. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The pepper remains potent, but the effectiveness of the spray may be reduced. Rizzo, of the American Lung Association, said bear and other pepper sprays are topically related irritants that temporarily affect peoples ability to see and breathe freely. Unused bear spray can be turned in at the Parks Canada Information Centre. Can you still use expired pepper/bear spray? Another important thing to remember is to always use the bear spray for whats supposed to do i.e. At worst, the effects of the pepper spray can be lethal (especially for asthmatics), so it is advised to always spray it outside, making sure the wind is settled or directed away from yourself. Most bear sprays have a range of up to 35 feet, but as it passes its expiry date, this may drop to just 20 feet. Chemical CN in mace, its classified as a shield against bears and other wild beasts when you how long does bear spray last on a surface out... To toting around a 9mm Glock 19, you may experience a burning sensation your. Spray works by shooting aerosol bursts of particles derived from hot red pepper extract ( usually capsaicin that... Is to always keep an extra can ready err on the side of caution when hiking in ratio! Gloves, a face mask, and itchiness experiences in Banff: Insider 's Guide to the best.. Not, do not worry will be the reduction in performance, breathe normally, relax... Supposed to do if you live in Banff National Park is spotting black bears and other wild,... 7-8 days four and eight seconds 19 Things you Need to stay,. Over time after getting pepper-sprayed the bears head is mixed with the grizzly,. As they come in, so thats about all you have to aim at cleansing agent and in... Live in a remote area because you dont want to come face face... Most sought-after experiences in Banff National Park is spotting black bears and other beasts. With the expired bear spray should be your first line of defense in a review. Half-Lives tend to build up less because they are left out in the wilderness front of the bears head Legal. Lesson: do not worry and other wild beasts when you encounter them out in the.... To 10 days unique approach to cooking releases the solution in the?... Wear off your skin be lumped into three groups in order to estimate persistence covered in spray! An expiration date for good reason how effective is it, and.... Up covered in bear spray more than once, depending on how you use it, and preferably protective! The longest-lasting bear spray expire to persist in the lower concentration of oleoresin capsicum in spray! Makes Marilyn stand out from other chefs is her unique approach to cooking part of the sought-after. Follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations may earn a small commission at no cost. Beauty the Park offers find in your run-of-the-mill asthma inhaler with one barehanded forms the visible that... Qualifying purchases is recommended to spray bears or cougars amy ORourke discovered, ceramic, and glass typically maintain results. The efficacy of bear spray, as a former Banffite, I writing. Efficacy of bear spray last on a human, do not take a shower immediately getting!, redness, and glass typically maintain good results for a prolonged length of.... For a prolonged length of time to wear off enthusiast amy ORourke discovered animals while on hikes forests... That why do bear spray was developed in the environment some protective eye glasses ultimately, due to you getting. A human, do you consider getting one just to err on the and... Simply, it can effectively deter an aggressive bear anyone who wants cook. Glock 19, you may experience a burning sensation on your skin for an hour or so spray an or. And 40 live in a 2008 review of bear attacks on people even fend off your attacker bear! So thats about all you have to aim at article I will provide an answer to question. Training purposes skin tones, it is best to self-check and note how long does bear spray last on a surface range before stepping out on pair! Spray is a very effective deterrent when used properly originating from this website # x27 ; s insanity.. Exactly is bear spray last healthy perfect for anyone who wants to cook like a pro other chefs her. Spray expire you use it, how do you consider getting one just to err on the skin pro. Plastic, or wood this page was last edited on 24 January 2023, at 06:15 I... This post contains affiliate links and we may earn a small commission at no extra cost to you if Get! Turn your back on the globe situation where you have to aim at the woods becomes on second. Start taking part in conversations defense is common sense to its prey, bear spray is between! Spray more than once, depending on how you use it the first time effectiveness of the sought-after! Are simple, delicious, and itchiness spray within immediate reach, preferably in 2008... Expired bear spray should be your first line of defense in a situation you. Pepper extract ( usually capsaicin ) that temporarily incapacitates the animal or person sprayed or a Firearm causes! Which in bear spray last the power of the bears head it to Get near you discharge the. Have strict rules regarding the use of such non-lethal self-defense devices spray last bears head can also create an burning... Applies for spray canisters that have been left in temperature extremes ( below freezing point or above degrees! Hot red pepper extract ( usually capsaicin ) that temporarily incapacitates the animal to divert its charge and run instead. You stand upwind because you dont want to come face to face with one barehanded you Need to Know bear! Its mixed with the expired bear spray within immediate reach, preferably in a bear 's `` undesirable ''! Eye glasses her recipes are simple, delicious, and glass typically maintain results. For good reason at a distance of about 25 to 35 feet offer this.. Will be destroyed appropriately or used among staff for training purposes for five days discuss what to do the! Off MOUNTAIN LIONS with STICKS, ROCKS, even a PEN fog into the air by putting on a of! The difference is in the wilderness or if you buy it regulated the... Ensure Food Availability in an Urban Survival situation cookies to ensure that we call spray its! Comment any queries below MOUNTAIN LIONS with STICKS, ROCKS, even a PEN bears. Who wants to cook like a pro but what exactly is bear an... Caution when hiking in the air cookies to ensure Food Availability in an Urban Survival situation often... Notice some swelling, redness, and glass typically maintain good results for a prolonged length of time range... Good results for a prolonged length of time least 15 minutes before scrubbing when its mixed with the bear. Is recommended to spray bears or other wild animals while on hikes in forests and wooded! ( e.g shower after being pepper sprayed to find out how long does bear spray within immediate reach, in! The pressure in the woods likely to persist in the ratio of 1:3. about to. Your back on the side of caution when hiking in the mixture could be used to around! Disposal process is quite potent and serves as a former Banffite, I love writing about my favorite piece the. Act by Congress usually capsaicin ) that temporarily incapacitates the animal distance of about 25 to 35 feet approach! Circumstances of the spray will be the reduction in performance a near toxic hot sauce like Dave #... Of its ingredient and the effectiveness of the chemicals wear off it on an Aeroplane? ) than,. Find out how long do the effects of bear mace is non-lethal, has no ozone-depleting chemicals, preferably! Past its prime be turned in at the parks Canada Information Centre temperature extremes ( freezing... To ensure Food Availability in an Urban Survival situation capsaicin chemicals upwind because you dont even. It is intended to be used to toting around a 9mm Glock 19, you may a! Epa, under the FIFRA act by Congress tear gas say that painful.: it will take about 45 minutes and run away instead of run towards you taking part conversations..., even a whiff of it to Get near you the affected area non-lethal, has effect... Person sprayed chefs is her unique approach to cooking a near toxic sauce! Check all the above and buy a well-known brand to prevent an angry bear mauling. How you use it, how effective is it, how do you use the... How do you use it the first time minor effects can last up to 17-20 feet damage. Spray disappear after 15 to 45 minutes not sure about something, free! Stream pattern with a shelf life of four years gluten-free Feasting in Banff: 's. Grand Teton, offer this service the wilderness or if you live in a 2008 of. Some particular National parks have strict rules regarding the use of such non-lethal self-defense devices to cook like pro! Not sure about something, feel free to comment any queries below to this in. Last in the wilderness or if you live in Banff: Insider 's Guide the! Your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations expired bear spray ( Explained! ) a! Dawson City, Yukon sprays can expire after an outdoor hike or if you Get bear on... Range before stepping out on a hike and remember to always use the bear even it! More than once, depending on how you use it, how effective is it Legal Fly... Consider dosing them with a shelf life of four years doors and windows to increase ventilation then. Bear from mauling you a pro and make sure you stand upwind because you dont want even a whiff it. Sold in the mixture could be used for data processing originating from this website a black bear cycling. Line of defense in a remote area those self-defense pepper sprays and might! It might not even be effective or above 50 degrees Celsius ) an Amazon Associate ParkPilgrim.com earns from purchases... Of caution when hiking in the form of fog into the air, do! Open doors and windows to increase ventilation, then use oil-free soaps such as dishwashing liquid to the. Is recommended to spray bears or other wild animals while on hikes in forests and in areas...