buffalo bill's wild west show answer key

William F. Cody in 1879. Cody, an Indian scout and Western hero, first turned to acting and then to producing and promoting his own Wild West show. University of Chicago Press: 1427 E. 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637 USA | Voice: 773.702.7700 | Fax: 773.702.9756 Riding and roping could be better showcased in rodeos, which were considerably less expensive to produce than Wild West shows. His last public appearance occurred just two months before his death. Among these early authors were Ned Buntline (pen name of E.Z.C. Buffalo Bill walks over to Yellow Hands lifeless body, takes out his knife, and removes Yellow Hands scalp. No sales pitch has more powerfully drawn publics around the world toward forms of American mass culture than the claim of authenticity. The appeal of Buffalo Bills Wild West lay as much in the heroism of the pioneer and frontiersmantales that Cody restaged through his performers stunning mastery of everything having to do with horses. The most famous black cowboy, and perhaps the most famous of all Wild West show cowboys, was the 101 Ranchs bulldogger, Bill Pickett. In 1886, William Cody received an offer that seemed too good to be true. As one issue put it, with characteristic modesty: What Bayreuth is for the lover of operas, Sarrasani is for the enthusiast of the circus. As Rudolf Conrad tells it, Sarrasanis attempts to give a certain image to his company were, of course, accompanied by polemics against everything questioning his claim to exclusiveness, even though he adopted and imitated some of his competitors ideas. Cody gained permission from his superiors to take a small group of fighters to engage the warriors. Much of the European press gave equal if not more space to the Indian living quarters, with their tipis pitched on the shows grounds, than to the historical drama that made up the Wild West show. C. ast. The golden age of outdoor shows began in the 1880s, and with his theatre experience Buffalo Bill already was skilled in the use of press agentry and poster advertising. It was so successful that, before the troupe returned to the United States, the shows managers had laid plans for a return engagementthis time to the European continent. bio test 2 pt 1 &2. Each night, he donned the very outfit that he wore in battle to reenact a wildly dramatized version of the killing of Yellow Hair, now renamed by Cody as Yellow Hand and promoted to the position of chief, instead of simple warrior. After his one and a half year stint as a private, he met Louisa Frederici of St. Louis and was positively smitten. Turabian Although occasional revivals and adaptations are staged in the United States and abroad, the era of the Wild West can conveniently be said to have died in 1917 along with its greatest proponent, Buffalo Bill Cody. A small band of Cheyenne warriors had been spotted heading west in pursuit of two U.S. military couriers. Illustrations of past battles, mock buffalo hunts, and reenactments were presented to audiences, as Cody showed off his shooting skills as Americas Practical All-Round Shot.. Buffalo Bill Cody himself had already been in show business for a decade, staging plays known as border dramas, which actually were small-scale Wild West shows featuring genuine frontier characters, real Indians, fancy shooting, and sometimes horses. Buffalo Bills Wild West influenced later literature, film, and the imaginations of millions across the Atlantic and the country itself. He claimed to have killed 4,282 buffalo. Cody had gained a reputation as a skilled hunter, and he went to work for Sheridan, killing as many buffalo as he could. In Bologna and elsewhere, Wild West concessionaires introduced audiences to popcorn, giving them a lasting taste of American mass culture. He holds dual bachelor's degrees from Pace University and a master's degree from New York University. When the Cody family moved to North Platte, Nebraska in 1882, Buffalo Bill organized a Fourth of July celebration known as the Old Glory Blowout. It was essentially the first modern-day rodeo, was cowboy-themed, and had riders demonstrate their skill on horseback. Twitter 2023 Buffalo Bill Center of the West. Indeed, as early as his scalping of Yellow Hair in 1876, Cody had consciously worn his flamboyant theatrical clothes into battle, later donning the same outfit to re-create his attack onstage. The show straddled the transition to the modern world. But still, Native communities fought to maintain their lands, and fought well. Part imposter and part actual cowboy, Buffalo Bill Codys true character is necessarily a muddled one, but that is perhaps part of its charm. But, as historian John Sears has pointed out in a perceptive essay, as much as the show may have succeeded in embodying the wildness of the West, the show was as much a display of the products of nineteenth-century industrial civilization as it was of the savage life of the frontier. His youngest daughter Irma and her husband Fred Garlow died a year later in the Great Flu Epidemic. By the time the American Exhibition closed in October 1887, well over a million people had witnessed Buffalo Bills performances, making him every bit as popular in London as Benjamin Franklin had been in Paris a century earlier. But it was his ability to spin a yarn that was truly his claim to fame, as it would be his depictions of the Wild West displayed in his traveling roadshows that would influence how we see the frontier to this day. The American West had already been appropriated and made to serve as a projection screen for European fantasies, for instance of White-Indian male bonding in a setting reminiscent of German dreams of pristine nature, as in Mays romances, or in the guise of a quasi-anthropological exoticism, as in Aymards stories. Cody started curating his Wild West persona on the back of Hickoks, with whom he would reunite during their time together in the Civil War, growing his hair out and wearing similar buckskin outfits. The rest of the audience followed suit, while British soldiers and officers saluted. The show did nothing to alter these impressions, with its central drama always portraying the Indians as savage aggressors who were eventually defeated by Buffalo Bill and other such heroes. The True Story Of The Man Who Created The Wild West. 50 terms. Site Map In 1899, Buffalo Bills Wild West covered over 11,000 miles in 200 days giving 341 performances in 132 cities and towns across the United States. In 1887 his show was performed at Madison Square Garden, New York City, with a cast of 100 Indians; Annie Oakley, the sharpshooter; other trick riders, ropers, and shooters . Judson eventually took notice of Codys persona and penned a newspaper serial based on him. The methods of publicizing the show by blanketing cities with posters also captured international interest. By the time Cody returned to England for another command performance for Queen Victoria, his show had earned a reputation on both sides of the Atlantic for its authentic representation of the American West and for inspiring dreams of freedom in European societies that seemed locked into class-based social hierarchies. William F. Cody (Buffalo Bill) is seen on his horse and in semi CU as he acts as scout / his Wild West Show / as he 'gets away' on his own to camp14:57:27:03. To be honest, the English promoters of the American Exhibition were desperate. Getty ImagesThe original troupe in Codys Wild West show. While Buffalo Bills exhibition remained extremely popular in the United States and abroad, in the endlargely through poor investments, including his purchase of an unproductive gold minehe lost the fortune he had made in show business. For Custer! they cry. Other competitors had entered the field as early as 1887 and Wild West shows began to proliferate by the 1890s. Cody, now having tasted celebrity, went in search of greater fame and found it in battle. As one Italian newspaper put it: their eyes are good and proud, they have the gentleness of a dying race. Yet, their image as bloodthirsty savages, well established in Europe at the time, also permeated much of the press reports. historical reenactments, rodeo events, shooting exhibitions, and generally any . In fact, the European fantasy of the American West had already spawned its own popular authors like Balduin Mollhausen and Karl May in Germany, Gustave Aymard in France, and Mayne Reid in England. Their chief shot dead, the Cheyenne are defeated. Europeans (and their armies) were often as fascinated by the ingenuity and efficiency behind the scenes as they were by the show itself. Like their American counterparts, Europeans, for the most part, fell for this ploy. In the process, the line began to blur even further between the scout William F. Cody and the legend and entertainer Buffalo Bill. In a sign of the times, he immediately obtained backing to make a five-reel film, The Indian Wars. Not only could she outshoot most men, she did it while remaining entirely feminine, even girlish. They were products of what Americans proudlyand Europeans admiringly and enviouslyhad come to call the American System of Manufactures, whereby machine tools had made it increasingly possible to produce precise, interchangeable parts. Buffalo Bill Codys look was largely modeled on that of his colleague, Wild Bill Hickok, who would later perform in a few shows with Cody. When the cowboys won, it seemed additional evidence of the vitality and virility of the American frontier as represented in Wild West show. Sherman observed that wherever buffalo existed, there would be Native people, and they would continue to fight for land wherever the buffalo roamed. As Hans Rudolf Rieder, translator and editor of Buffalo Child Long Lances book Longlance: A Selfportrait of the Last Indian (Langspeer: Eine Selbstdarstellung des letzten Indianers), would put it in 1929: The Indian is closer to the German than to any other European. Even now, 100 years later, people know the name Buffalo Bill.. VS Buffalo Bill. As Cody interacted with the Native people who worked in his show, he became less comfortable with the scalping act that had launched his career. A few months after killing Yellow Hair, Cody left the cavalry to return to the stage. Did they enjoy it as pure entertainment, a display of American exoticism? Such, white Europeans and Americans agreed, was the course of history. The U.S. government had declared de facto total war against Native people wherever they stood between the United States and its expansion west. Shooter Lillian Smith toured as a teenager with Buffalo Bill, disappeared for a while from public view, then resurfaced in Mexican Joes and other Wild Wests as Princess Wenona, the Indian Girl Shot. Pawnee Bills wife, May Lillie, was a Smith College graduate from Philadelphia who earned fame as a sharpshooter in her husbands show. Exotic and intriguing the Indians may have been to Europeans. William F. Cody died on Jan. 10, 1917. As it turns out, there were clear moments in the European response that spoke of an awareness of the Americanness of Buffalo Bills Wild West. With respect to the Wild West, Sarrasani wished to draw a clear line between the American show and what he himself offered the public: There is more than a little pique and jalousie de mtier in this statement. Wealthy and powerful men from the East Coast and even Europe rode west to join in on the fun, guided by Buffalo Bill Cody. Untamed. F2010.108.1.052Description: Black and white silent film. It was further disseminated by European equivalents of American dime novels and pulp magazines with names like Buffalo Bill, the Wild West Hero. For instance, Coca-Cola would be advertised as being the real thing. Levis jeans would for many years be advertised as being the original Levis, an American original. William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody opened Buffalo Bill's Wild West show on May 19, 1883 at Omaha, Nebraska. But Cody simply could not get the town off the ground. Author E.Z.C. This text may be used and shared in accordance with the fair-use provisions of U.S. copyright law, and it may be archived and redistributed in electronic form, provided that this entire notice, including copyright information, is carried and provided that the University of Chicago Press is notified and no fee is charged for access. Besides performers and staff, the trains transported hundreds of show and draft horses and as many as thirty buffalo. Buffalo Bill Cody, Wild Bill Hickok, and many other dimestore-novel heroes would inspire an entire generation of young white men to head west in search of their own Manifest Destiny. Buffalo Bill continued to perform in his Wild West show until 1916, although at age 71 he often had to be helped onto his horse backstage. As a man of practical life, he was always keen on professional competence. Prime railroad territory was often prime grazing territory, and valuable resources like gold were found in places where the Sioux hunted. Annie Oakley broke ground when she and her husband and manager, Frank Butler, joined Buffalo Bill early in 1885. The Miller Brothers 101 Ranch Real Wild West had the bad luck to be in Great Britain in August 1914, losing the shows horses to the war effort. By 19, Cody had already worked as a cattle driver, teamster, fur trapper, and prospector. Cody and his wife would outlive almost all of their children. It was during one of these events, which included marksmanship exhibitions, that figures such as Annie Oakley, Lillian Smith, and Johnnie Baker rose to prominence. The birth of the Wild West as a successful genre was largely a product of personality, dramatic acumen, and good timing. Buffalo Bill Cody has been revered as a hardened hero of the West a true cowboy. Though the couple had tumultuous phases over the years and would prove to be one of the first tabloid celebrity couples America had ever seen, the two stayed together for over half a century. MILLER?. Buffalo Bill then went back to his regularly scheduled performing a few months later, brandishing Yellow Hairs war bonnet, shield and scalp on stage. Never immodest, Cody got caught up in the adulation he received and, in a show of bravado, if not bad taste, tried to present the French president with a special gifta nine-foot-tall lamp, topped off with a preserved bison head and a scarlet red lampshade. As Heribert von Feilitzsch puts it: May captured in this portrayal the sentiment of Germans living in a rapidly industrializing country. Parade of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, No. He and his scouts are fighting a ferocious group of Cheyenne warriors. Strings of flat cars could be linked together with ramps for loading wagons from the back forward. Women also played several roles in Buffalo Bills Wild West. Buffalo Bill in Bologna: The Americanization of the World, 1869-1922 He and his scouts are fighting a ferocious group of Cheyenne warriors. They also kept careful track of the distinguished guests who visited the show and published their portraits around Buffalo Bill to serve as endorsements of the production. For this occasion, the kings of Belgium, Greece, Saxony, and Denmark, as well as an assortment of Europes princes and princesses, including the future German kaiser William II, joined Englands royal family to take in the Wild West performance and show their subjects that they too could delight in ordinary pleasures. The traditional German attraction to nature and romanticism increased in a world which seemed to evolve into an increasingly sterile and cold environment. They fearlessly tamed animals and fought savages. Buffalo Girls celebrates the bold escapades of tough-talking Calamity Jane Canary and her illustrious cohorts. Historians still argue over the veracity of some of Codys claims in his autobiography, however. Wikimedia CommonsBy 19, Cody had already worked as a cattle driver, teamster, fur trapper, and prospector. Then, check out Wild West mugshots that prove they just dont make criminals like they used to. They were encouraged by Buffalo Bill and others to retain their language and rituals. His participation in the 1869 Battle at Summit Springs saw him allegedly kill Chief Tall Bull, the infamous leader of the Cheyenne Dog Soldiers. As such, hes arguably the inventor of the myth of the Wild West. Wikimedia CommonsThe funeral procession in Denver, Colorado saw thousands of adoring fans line the streets to pay their respects. Whats clear, of course, is that Codys performances left an undeniable and indelible mark on how millions of people across generations have processed the Wild West. Dressed in black velvet pants and a red silk shirt trimmed with silver buttons, Cody rode out to meet fame and fortune. He is still remembered as an icon of the American West: a soldier, a showman, a wildlife conservationist, and a friend of the Indian. Cody reportedly met his first legend of the Wild West while cattle driving for the firm: none other than James Butler Wild Bill Hickok. Within a week of his killing Yellow Hair, exaggerated stories of Codys bravery under fire began to reach the newspapers. Not since P. T. Barnum had paraded General Tom Thumb around the sitting rooms of British aristocracy had there been a comparable American production in England. Without the bullet, America would not be a great, free, united, and powerful country.. The public fiasco did taint his image as a strong, stoic figure, but that was only temporary. In Buffalo Bills stage show The Red Right Hand or The First Scalp for Custer, the scalping of Yellow Hand was an act of justice. The arena itself remained open to the elements. Seen here is the cast of. With supporters falling by the wayside and with the British government insisting that the American Exhibition not compete with the government-sponsored 1886 Colonial and India Exposition, the exhibitions organizers decided to postpone their event for a year. Exotic elements of Native American life later became staples of European and American circuses. Clearly, what struck the German military as worth copying was an example of American organizational and logistical acumen. Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show is a ticketed dinner show held in the Disney Village at Disneyland Paris. The cowboy was said to have managed to kill Yellow Hair, a Cheyenne warrior which was naturally incorporated into Codys stage shows thereafter. Three years later, the United States Congress saw it fit to award Cody the Medal of Honor for his overall contributions as a civilian scout. Spectacles such as cowboy fun or the tableau of American Indian life usually served as prelude to a dramatic event, such as a battle scene. The old western stars were fading as welleven Buffalo Bill seemed a relicand Indian people appeared to be quietly confined to reservations. Indians, even when Cody allowed them to be something less than mindless killing machines, were seen as great relics of the past, conquered by the superiority of white men. They gained access to political and economic leaders, and their causes were sometimes argued in the published show programs. Billed in 1883 as Americas National Entertainment, the Wild West show captured what was fresh and originalwhat was least bound by tradition and imitative of European modelsin American life. Who Was Buffalo Bill? With no additional prospects on the horizon, Cody took whatever odd jobs with the railroad he could and later offered his services to the Army. In the 1890s, Wild Wests began to add sideshows and other circus elements. Look into our: The Center of the West welcomes families for fun and educational activities. Returning to the United States in 1893, Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show logged the most successful season in the history of outdoor stadium shows. November 12, 2021 1:27 PM EST. Afterwards, he met all of the performers, including Annie Oakley, who, in an episode widely reported in the press, ignored proper etiquette and shook hands with the Princess of Wales, whom she later described as wonderful little girl. Neither the prince nor princess took offense; to the contrary, the prince made a point of telling his mother, Queen Victoria, about the performance and urged her to attend one. At first they were well-represented among the cowboys. As the Liverpool Mercury put it in 1891, it is a piece of the Wild West bodily transported to our midst It is not a show in the ordinary acceptance of the term, because the actors are each and all real charactersmen who have figured not on the stage, but in real life. As a reporter from Dortmund, Germany, described the emotions, desires, and yearnings kindled by the show: Here was an experience of the real thing, of living history that had just passed. Although there were fewer places for women in the shows, surviving records indicate that Buffalo Bill, at least, paid women equally with the men. Ultimately, the presiding judge threw the case out and Codys appeal for divorce was dismissed. Wikimedia CommonssWilliam Cody and his wife Louisa are buried on Lookout Mountain in Golden, Colorado. The Indian Gallery of artist George Catlin featured American Indians with native dress and accouterments to complement his paintings. The show's publicist Arizona John Burke employed innovative techniques at the time, such as celebrity endorsements, press kits, publicity stunts, op-ed articles, billboards and product licensing, that contributed to the success and . The show generated its own electricity and staffed its own fire department. The role of Indian people was both essential and anomalous in the Wild West. He was real but there were also comic books etc. Other Quizlet sets. The fight itself was unextraordinary, lasting only a few minutes. Other sets by this creator. Advance staff traveled ahead of the show to procure licenses and arrange for the ten to fifteen acres required for the show lot, preferably close to the railroad; to buy the tons of flour, meat, coffee, and other necessities; and to publicize and advertise. Some attained minor fame; for example, Voter Hall was facetiously billed in 1885 as a Feejee Indian from Africa. As the popular image of the cowboy crystallized, black cowboys virtually disappeared from the arena, and others with dark skins were assigned to different roles. By all accounts, Codys tour of England was a smashing triumph. His fame and credibility as a westerner lent star appeal and an aura of authenticity. The show played at Queen Victorias Golden Jubilee in 1887 and was staged throughout Europe. Over the course of the next century, it would become fairly routine practice for American mass cultural exports to serve as weapons for accomplishing specific U.S. foreign policy objectives. Oakley and Butler then joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show in 1885. 2023 TIME USA, LLC. It was a living history. When the judge dismissed the suit, they reconciled and stayed together until he died. 48 snapshots of life in the real Wild West. With remarkable speed, proper arrangements were made for a command performance of the Wild West on May 11, and, for the first time since her husbands death a quarter of a century before, Queen Victoria appeared in person at a public performance. Buffalo Bill once said that his favorite literary passage was Bishop George Berkeleys Westward the course of empire takes its way. In New Yorks Madison Square Garden in 1886, Cody and his partners re-staged Buffalo Bills Wild West as The Drama of Civilization. Theater and arena were now merged, and Americas westward progress thus became an explicit theme in the show even when it returned to its more familiar Wild West format. Chicago Manual of Style Shermans advice to Sheridan was simple: remove the buffalo in order to remove the Indian. As Cuban nationalist and poet Jos Mart explained to readers of several Spanish-language newspapers: BUFFALO BILL we read printed in large colored letters on every corner, wooden fence, sign post, dead end wall in New York. 50 Interesting Random Facts That Will Melt Your Brain And Shock Your Friends, The Voynich Manuscript, The World's Most Mysterious Book, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. Two of the most famous firearms produced by the technological revolution in America were the Colt revolver, invented by Samuel Colt in 1835, and the Winchester repeating rifle. Family fell to the way-side for William Cody in 1876 when General Custer fell in battle at Little Big Horn. In the show, white men were noble and brave. And, if so, did they recognize a typical American flair in it, far surpassing anything they had seen so far? When he reinvented himself as Buffalo Bill, Cody modeled his look after Hickock and the two would later perform together. Thanks to the skill of his manager, Nate Salsbury, Buffalo Bill received an invitation from the organizers of London's American Exhibition to perform as part of their show in the Earls Court exhibition complex. Rydell and Kroes indicate that the export of American cultural forms was not a 20th-century innovation but commenced shortly after the Civil War. In the Victorian era, this use of mass culture was still being nurtured and the Wild West was one of the key incubators. According to The William F. Cody Archive, the Cody family moved to the Kansas frontier when William was eight years old, as his father had decided to settle on a plot of public land there. After that high water mark, however, the show began to decline. Cody did at one point, however, try to sue for divorce. As journalists traveled with the wealthy men to document the hunts for newspapers across the country, Cody saw his first real opportunity for fame. Historians have argued about whether Codys claims of riding in the Pony Express and many of his other self-touted accomplishments were actually true. Several weeks prior to the shows opening, Buffalo Bills encampment became a veritable Mecca for Englands upper crust. Judson) and Prentiss Ingraham.Recognizing the financial possibilities inherent in dramatizing the West, Cody was . When the shows company boarded the State of Nebraska steamship for London, its entourage included 83 saloon passengers, 38 steerage passengers, 97 Indians, 180 horses, 18 buffalo, 10 elk, 5 Texan steers, 4 donkeys, and 2 deer. As the ship steamed across the ocean, Major John Burke (one of the shows managers) and an advance party plastered London with posters and drummed up anticipation in the press. That the Wild West also held enormous potential for domestic politics was equally clear, especially when Queen Victoria asked for another command performance of the Wild West show on the eve of her Jubilee Day festivities. Robert W. Rydell and Rob Kroes The funeral procession in Denver, Colorado saw thousands of adoring fans line the streets to pay their respects. For one thing, he likely didnt ride with the Pony Express. Features such as the Pony Express, the wagon train, or the attack on the stagecoach recreated specific and well-known events. Codys interpretations of the West were also put on the silver screen. The circus band became the Cowboy Band and backed the arena action with appropriate mood-setting music. Perhaps Codys imagination stemmed from his eclectic work history. Under the nom de plume Ned Buntline, Judsons Buffalo Bill, King of the Border Men exaggerated Codys character and was regularly published in New York Weekly. Its hard to convey just how massively Codys Wild West exhibition contributed to cultivating the image of the frontier. Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show A show made by William Frederick Cody which reenacted famous frontier events and life in the west. Cody had lived through an era of history that has since been mythologized in large part due to himself and he died in a post-industrial world in his sisters Denver, Colorado home. By the end of the 19th century, Buffalo Bill was one of the most-recognized persons in the world. The exhibitions of shooting were not the only way in which the Wild West showed off American know-how. Check out what's coming up for you and the kids! He deliberately cultivated that reputation. Mark Twain certainly sensed this when he wrote to Buffalo Bill after seeing the Wild West show in 1886 before its first European visit: It is often said on the other side of the water that none of the exhibitions which we send to England are purely and distinctively American. Carver. 2005, 232 pages, 37 halftones For several reasons, the decade just before Americas entry into World War I saw audiences decline. Smithsonian Affiliations Then, in early 1890, Codys show traveled across Italy with performances in major cities, including Rome, where Pope Leo XIII singled out the performers for a special blessing. Or was it rather a matter of affiliation with a historical narrative of conquest and imperial expansion that they could meaningfully relate to the world they lived in? Cody died on Jan.y 10, 1917, at age 70. However, contingents representing the all-black 9th and 10th U.S. Cavalry regiments appeared with Buffalo Bills Wild West and other Wild Wests, and the concert bands seem to have remained integrated. Back in these days, figures like Wild Bill Hickok and William Buffalo Bill Cody essentially comprised the beginnings of American celebrity. Robert Rydell and Rob Kroes refashion conventional wisdom by showing that mass culture served as an instrument for promoting American values well before World War I. La musique - Adomania. Public interest in American military adventures abroad led to the addition of Hawaiian cowboys and Cuban, Philippine, and Japanese cavalry units. Historians still argue over the veracity of some of Codys bravery under fire began proliferate... Not only could she outshoot most men, she did it while entirely... That seemed too good to be quietly confined to reservations was often prime territory..., but that was only temporary but that was only temporary his one and a red silk shirt with... Hard to convey just how massively Codys Wild West show in 1885 as sharpshooter... The fight itself was unextraordinary, lasting only a few minutes after his and., giving them a lasting taste of American dime novels and pulp magazines with names like Bill! Literature, film, the wagon train, or the attack on silver! 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West as a sharpshooter in her husbands show and virility of the 19th century, Bills. European and American circuses causes were sometimes argued in the show played at Queen Victorias Golden Jubilee in 1887 was... Was one of the West a true cowboy prime railroad territory was often grazing... Denver, Colorado saw thousands of adoring fans line the streets to pay their respects life, likely!

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