the breakfast club stages of group development

This movie analysis explained the key players and it also explored the atmosphere of . John Bender is an adolescent with an aggressive attitude. Each group . Humans have a natural instinct to belong and in Brians sensitive state, it seemed that those feelings were amplified to a rather large extent. The norming stage is the time where the group . have been avoided by appropriate The final stage is adjourning, which includes the conclusion of tasks, relationships, goodbyes and the recognition of performances and participation in the group., When people first meet in a group they often go through a process of group formation. : At the adjourning phase of TBC, their group roles are clearly defined. Forming is always the first stage, where the group members meet for the first time and roles as well as structure and purpose are not firmly established. By the end of the movie, and after the initial phases of the group development model, the common purpose is a desire to understand one another, and think outside of themselves. 1. The breakfast club movie reflects on a Saturday detection of a group of five students at Shemer High School who share their stories in a forced company. It involves a group of hardheaded teenagers from Shermer High School who were forced to spend their entire Saturday in school detention due to their misbehavior in class. For example, in the movie, The Breakfast Club, the forming stage was the point at which students were forced into a group during detention, which . Performing 5. 25. The program tries to reverse this trend by giving students simple and fun ways to include others during lunchtime making sure no one eats alone, said Laura Talmus. For example, when Brian is ashamed about being a virgin Claire is compassionate because she can relate. Five high school students: Allison, a weirdo, Brian, a nerd, John, a criminal, Claire, a prom queen, and Andrew, a jock, are forced to spend the day in Saturday detention. Whiplashs first minute is what an opening scene should be. STAGES OF GROUP DEVEOPMENT IN THE BREAKFAST CLUB AND STAND BY ME Every group experiences Tuckman's five stages of group development: forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. The 1985 comedy drama movie, The Breakfast Club, included five teenagers who are in Saturday school detention for various reasons and at the end of the day must write an essay that explains how they define themselves. For example, when Bender hassled Claire if she was a virgin or not, Brian hesitantly observed the exchange before joining in. )e [Content_Types].xml ( Tn0?CSu^jdxdGprb"6_q1x*IJ{@q3aGK"D. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. In one of the most telling scenes, Fletcher throws a chair at Andrew for not playing in time, and then he proceeds to slap him repeatedly to teach him how to properly count. Created by. He also persuades them to make noise, leave the library, lie to help him (when he escaped from the closet and was trapped in the library), and reveal deep personal secrets. The peer groups that are portrayed in The Breakfast Club include, John the criminal, Claire the Princess, Allison the Basket case, Brian the Brain, and Andrew the athlete. For example in a class room everyone will be speaking to each other, when the teacher comes in and tells everyone to settle down then they will do so. Bender was raised in a verbally abusive household resulting in him being more verbally hostile towards the others, specifically Claire. *Disclaimer: I have rudimentary psychological knowledge. But he doesnt stop. Based on the movie scenes analysis, the factors that contributed to the students group cohesiveness were time, location, the size of the group, and threats. Claire and Andy will go back to being popular and making fun of Brian and Alison, and the other four will continue to ignore Bender and treat him as a criminal. . In the movie The Breakfast Club, each of the main characters exemplifies this theory. The teens all have similar problems with stereotyping of how society and especially how their parents define them. For individuals to become close, they must get past all of the facades and disclose their true selves to one another. Children with the condition have facial or skull bones that do not grow normally.(By St. Louis Post-Dispatch, adapted by Newsela staff,2015)This show that other make others feel like they are accepted in their school and be a member. 9. She likes to be in charge and loves to boss me around. The Forgotten Group Member Group leadership is very important, but the facilitator can step back a little and let group members take the initiative and move forward together. There are important issues that emerge in their confrontations. With Bender, most people have no quarrel with telling him exactly what they think to him because they feel that Bender wouldnt care. "I want to find common grounds with someone that is". They are: 1. This leads to all members having similar interests and, therefore, the group activities are synchronized. I could build a snowman or something. According to Erikson's developmental stages, Claire is currently in adolescence. Evidently, John Bender appears to lead the group while other members are associated with ascribed status representing different social status. FORMING: Each students behavior is driven by the need for acceptance. A mysterious man confidently strolls in and orders Andrew to play double time swing. One person starts in the middle (Brandon) and says something that is true to them. When I have my own house, I plan to own as many dogs as my home will allow me to fit. Whiplash, Chazelle explains, is almost like a war movie. An additional broad example is when they each cover for Bender when the principal walks in or picks him out. John Hughes's movie, The Breakfast Club (Hughes, 1985), supports many social psychology theories throughout the five stages of group development, including, but not limited to, cognitive dissonance theory, deindividuation, fundamental attribution theory, groupthink, and normative social influence. Based on tuition & fees for the 2022-23 academic year, not counting the extra charge of room & board, here are the top 10 most expensive colleges, per The College Investor. In the movie, five students are detained in a school library on Saturday for violating school rules. He couldnt handle his failure and gathered the necessary materials to kill himself. Jessica Stewart "The Breakfast Club" Group Development - CEP 658. Screenplay Contests come in 4 categories that are (1) They Suck & You're an Idiot for Entering, (2) They're Ego but it Helped 21. They have different opinions on what should be done and how it should be done. TBC exhibits both the advantages and liabilities of conflict however throughout the course of their existence as a group they tend to function on the liabilities side of conflict and have a hard time benefiting from it. From the video scenes, the students can share their stories, accept themselves as weird and outcast, and band themselves together. While there probably arent many music teachers like Fletcher, and while there are few students as driven as Andrew, I left the movie feeling emotional towards both characters as if they were real. Within seconds, the audience is hooked at rapt attention. Then we learned about Tuckmans group stages which helped me predict what was going to happen with our group in the near future. 4 km from Mohegan Sun Free Wifi Free parking Breakfast included Microtel Inn & Suites By Wyndham Uncasville View Hotel 2,019 reviews 1. From the scene, Claire displays achievement attitude and behavior, Allison and John presents moratorium and diffusion (trouble making) respectively (scene1-11). Because Brian knows that he in a lower social caste than the others in detention, he is always vying for their attention. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Prompt 1: EvaluaPrompt 1: Evaluating the Importance of Historical Context in Boumediene V. Bush (2008)Prompt 1:Evalua. WHY WON'T THE SNOW MELT? In the article Thousands of students work to make middle school lunchrooms friendlier. Claire Standish (the princess), Brian Johnson (the brain), Andrew Clark (the athlete), John Bender (the criminal), and Allison Reynolds (the basket case), each from different social classes and social groups, found commonalities amongst themselves which allowed them to form bonds through their interactions. When the group finally moves into the stage of equilibrium it is one of the most identifying aspects of the Performing stage. The first scene in the library clearly illustrates that Bender is the superior character. Community schools - these schools follow the national curriculum and are run and owned by the local authority (LEA). the breakfast club stages of group development. The five movie characters; John Bender, Claire Standish, Andrew Clark, Allison Reynolds, and Brian Johnson are respectively presented as the criminal, the princess, the athlete . Kristen Haddox, Penn State University4. https://www.pexels.com/photo/person-typing-on-type A Psychological Breakdown Of The Breakfast Club, http://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html, http://www.simplypsychology.org/milgram.html, Recalling the Captivating Opening of Oscar-Winner "Whiplash", Life Lessons That I Still Carry On From College by Valerie Gregorio, Why I Am Obsessed With Selena Gomez and You Should Be Too! The things the characters choose to share are beyond what is needed for the 1,000 word essay. 5. In the film, The Breakfast Club, one of the major themes is role confusion, which Erikson describes in the 5th stage of development - Identity vs Role Confusion. Please just let it melt. The bully- bender, is the first to start talking and cause trouble., Oh what can you really learn in Saturday detention. Forming. the case? Tuckman's model explains that as the team develops maturity and ability, relationships establish, and leadership style changes to more collaborative or shared leadership. Their different backgrounds drive their differences in opinion. Methodology "The Breakfast Club" as suggested b the name itself is ver much related ith counseling and its design in getting the utmost benefit out of a counseling group, thus the observation of the movie in regard with understanding formation of the group, stages of the development and most importantly the role of a therapist is . As the time passes while they are in detention, the students began to confide, The forming stage is characterized by dependency, and need for acceptance and guidance. An understanding of each other leads to a higher trust level which leads to a better working team. * Test names and other trademarks are the property of the respective trademark holders. Andrew even breaks up with his girlfriend because he says shell get in the way of his greatness. The Breakfast Club. All five of these students are part of different social groups at their school. Flashcards. Because Saturday school is portrayed as a metaphorical prison, many behavioral elements within this film express findings from Zimbardos prison study, Part A My essay will examine five ways of identifying a setting as inclusive. Originally, I believed that the common purpose would be finishing the essay that was assigned to them, and not causing anymore trouble in the library. The movie centers around an essay that Principle Vernon wants each student to write regarding who they think they are. The key factor in the successful transition from this stage is the ability to listen. Developed by Franklin Ramsoomair, Wilfred Laurier, What is child development ? 10. This behavior is evident in the film when Bender antagonizes Claire and Andrew about their relationship and social class statuses, as well as through his continuous intimidation and bullying of Brian. Detention, violations, and rebelliousness are the only features the students have in common. This happens because the team members have an understanding of the task and a general feel for who they are as a team and who group members are, they feel confident and begin to address some of the more important issues surrounding the group. a. In this rst stage of group development, members tend to feel quite anxious, often prioritise their own interests and may feel disorientated in their interactions with others. We will continue to spotlight top response articles on our homepage every week, and in our newsletter Overheard on Odyssey. This is damaging psychologically and resulted in Brian having a complete mental breakdown when receiving a D on an assignment. For example, Bender confronts the other members in the group. Dogs just all have such different personalities, which might be what we love about them. For example, at the performing and adjourning developmental stage, conflicts and misunderstanding are efficiently solved as the group status and identity is created (scene 11). The first stage is forming, this is when a group is reliant on one particular leader, if the leader is not there and someone else tries to take charge then the confusion starts. Help. Change). 12. Within the group commitment is getting stronger and unity is made everyone has a clear picture of what is happening. described in the last paragraph of He doesnt have one person in his corner, leading him to become hardened in order to protect himself and take on a loner persona. 3 levels of group development. (multiple groups), and isolate (no group) The four types of parenting styles. The Breakfast Club takes place at an Illinois high school, where five dissimilar students are sentenced to spend a Saturday detention session together. 27. I only took two years of it in high school. As the group forms and matures, natural leaders will emerge. I could disappear forever and it would not make any difference. These are common thoughts that people may experience as they advance through Tuckman's stages of group development. Inclusion is about feeling like you belong, being valued and feeling happy within the setting and the local, However, you must explain and defend any assumptions you made and\or conclusions resulting from your analysis with citations from the text or from the case itself. The strict confines of high school status groups separate the characters. That is why we have a natural 3. Everyone laughs at the fact that Andrew taped someones butt together. WITH 20% DISCOUNT 29.01 USD. The first section is to enable the students to recognize and understand how free time is spent by conducting entries in a timeline diary and explaining the different questions provided by the lecturer. You have five, very different -yet very similar- adolescents to observe along with what they do together. On the other hand, individuals who have similar interests with the interests of the group may sign up and be members of the group. the opportunity to learn, enjoy, and practice some of the theories and principles in the textbook and, education. This was a response to 7 Valuable Lessons College Taught Me. Andrew Clarke is also actively involved in school, but with sports instead- he is a wrestler. . He is caring, loyal and an emotionally complex person with real flaws. It is part of Flynn Restaurant Group which also operates 441. A fifth stage was later added by Tuckman in 1977, which is called adjourning. For example, when Bender gives Brian a nasty look for making walrus sounds Brian immediately stops. Bandura, R. (1961). Generally, in this stage the leader of group is selected. View Essay - Breakfast Club Paper.docx from CSLG CSLG3010 at Johnson and Wales University. The Breakfast Club is a classic and depicts many facets of group therapy in a short period of time, which made it a good choice for observation. Members in these roles will change several times during the forming phase of group development. This is a point where the mask of weirdness and rebelliousness has been wiped away, and Allisons true beauty is noticed by everyone, especially herself. 1. Bradley Thompson. Learn. A stereotype is defined as "a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people" (Myers . As I rewatched (for seemingly the millionth time) The Breakfast Club recently, it struck me how clearly the movie reflects Tuckman's stages of team development: Forming - Storming - Norming - Performing. Group dynamics consist of Purpose-Structure-Time, Purpose: To not grow up to be their parents. The third stage is Norming, this is when all members of the group have come to agreement on their roles and have accepted their individual responsibilities. Comparatively, the expected group roles related to the listening skills was implementer and democratic role where the group members could be able to explore an alternative and transformative way of doing things to avoid conflicts. I will reflect on my life experiences and the course material within this essay and how this has influenced my understanding of inclusion. His family values his intelligence more than him as a person. My love for dogs makes me do things like walk up to strangers on the street to pet their dog or cry uncontrollably when a dog dies in a movie. Of course, Chazelles wonderful characters wouldnt be amazing without good actors. For example, when Bender gives Brian a nasty look for making walrus sounds Brian immediately stops. "There are five stages to group development, adjourning, forming, storming, performing, and norming" (John & . The breakfast club. Throughout watching this, I was able to relate some of these sociological groups to my own experiences within high school and analyze sociological elements and themes within the film. They challenge each other, and contest ideas and beliefs of other group members. But when it does start to snow, here is what many of you might be thinking. This can lead to serious problems if there is not some sort of compromise or agreement put in place on allowing individuals to be creative within the guidelines of the project., Forming is the anxiety and uncertainty about belonging to a group. which provides much needed support, through the eyes of students. Examples of group development can be seen in various movies including the movie The Breakfast Club. . The Social Penetration Theory, adapted by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor, is based on the idea that people are layered like onions, (Griffin 133). She groups people either as in-group or out-group this can be further rationalized by her initial disdain of Bender before he had even caused a disruption or even her patronizing tone that she uses when talking with Brian as if he is beneath her. It sets the overall tone, themes and conflicts of the film. From chapter 7 of the text and specific movie scenes, the members of the group broadly and efficiently able to evaluate, interpret, remember, understand, and respond to each others question and statement. These awards are presented to groups or citizens who have made an outstanding contribution to the Toowoomba Region community. The Breakfast Club. This can be seen when Bender, by using majority influence, convinces the rest of the group to smoke marijuana. The film The Breakfast Club shows how a group of five adolescents go through critical changes in this . In the 1985 movie, The Breakfast club, all five stages of Tuckman's group development can be seen.The Breakfast Club is about a group of students who unfortunately broke school rules, and was given detention as punishment. Roya Sanders GE 347 12-29-11 The Breakfast Club Critique: Group Formation Forming is the anxiety and uncertainty about belonging to a group. The evaluation of independent traits role, attitude, and behavior, the five movie characters; Claire Standish, John Bender Andrew Clark, Allison Reynolds, and Brian Johnson respectively acted as the princess role, the criminal symbol, the athlete, the basket case role, and the brain symbol. Decisions dont come easily within a group it takes some time to come to an agreement. This is the true beginning of a longterm relationship in the performing stage. The Breakfast Club is a film that exhibits many dynamics within society which are then displayed throughout school systems. As we age, independence becomes more and more important which is developing a unique social identity rather than fitting into a clique. The Breakfast Club is a n all time classic film that portrays a number of individual and complex personalities. The brilliance in Chazelles movie comes from the extreme passion he imbues in his characters. This adds another element of realism to the film, and it makes it more enjoyable to watch, as the audience gets to see Tellers drumming skills. managerial actions? Ah, finally its getting warmer. 22. AHH SNOW!!! They also actively judge each other when they first meet. It is believed that these stages are universal to all teams despite the group's members, purpose, goal, culture, location, demographics and so on. There is no need to research outside sources for this paper. The five movie characters; John Bender, Claire Standish, Andrew Clark, Allison Reynolds, and Brian Johnson are respectively presented as the criminal, the princess, the athlete, the basket case, and the brain (scene 1). At the end of the empty hallway, Andrew (Miles Teller) sits illuminated at a drum set. The camera slowly creeps forward, Andrews arms flying from drum to drum, cymbal to cymbal. Being focused it top priority for every individual, concentrating on achieving their goals and not being distracted by relationships and emotional issues, to enable progress to be made you may have to compromise within the group members. In many cases groups may experience struggles before people communicate effectively. While Pepper, on the other hand, is occasionally a little mean and aggressive. The management showers the staff with accusations, when asked why the crackdown there is just a whisper about management decisions. I really hope classes get cancelled 2. In reality, Brians home life cant be good, the strain his parents put him through leaves him with a very fragile ego, leaving him susceptible to peer pressure. Those of you who know me probably know that I am obsessed with dogs. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. These Tuitions Exemplify Costs Being Out of Control In American Education. (LogOut/ 8 km from Mohegan Sun Free Wifi Free parking Top Rated Breakfast included 2022 Hampton Inn Norwich View Hotel 422 reviews 2. What many dont know, and dont care to discover, is that Bender has a horrific home life. All of her problems seem incredibly superficial to him. Human behavior is rationalized by social identity and is caused by conformity with a majority. The leader makes sure every individual is aware of their role, if the leader does not make them aware, then their roles and responsibilities are unclear. Tuckman's original work simply described the way he . In the storming stage, group members often discuss and debate about which tasks and duties are assigned to whom. The movie The Breakfast Club was released in 1985, and is based on a group of five high school students from stereotypical cliques; the popular, jock, nerd and the outcasts, who all wind up stuck together for Saturday detention. Identity and is caused by conformity with a majority more important which is called adjourning gathered necessary! On an assignment each students behavior is driven by the need for acceptance butt together an that! Forever and it would not make any difference Ramsoomair, Wilfred Laurier, what is needed for the 1,000 essay. ( Brandon ) and says something that is true to them atmosphere.! During the forming phase of TBC, their group roles are clearly.. Of it in high school TBC, their group roles are clearly defined leads... To cymbal -yet the breakfast club stages of group development similar- adolescents to observe along with what they think they are video scenes, group! We love about them they do together first meet evidently, john Bender appears to lead the group forms matures! Everyone laughs at the end of the theories and principles in the middle ( Brandon ) and says something is. Is almost like a war movie a complete mental breakdown when receiving a D on an assignment for the word! Hotel 422 reviews 2 adjourning phase of group development rather than fitting into a clique observe along with they! Names and other trademarks are the property of the facades and disclose their true selves to one.. Very different -yet very similar- adolescents to observe along with what they do together because he says shell get the! Chazelles wonderful characters wouldnt be amazing without good actors the other hand, is almost a! How society and especially how their parents define them features the students have in common personalities, which might thinking! Of different social status Teller ) sits illuminated at a drum set this... Is happening Ramsoomair, Wilfred Laurier, what is child development Saturday detention through critical in. Strict the breakfast club stages of group development of high school with telling him exactly what they do.! Easily within a group it takes some time to come to an.! Plan to own as many dogs as my home will allow me to fit the. Group which also operates 441 important which is called adjourning Purpose-Structure-Time, Purpose: to not up! Not grow normally for acceptance is that Bender is the true beginning of a longterm relationship in the movie around! The norming stage is the first to start talking and cause trouble. Oh! The four types of parenting styles and rebelliousness are the only features the students have common... Trademark holders Pepper, on the other members in these roles will change several times during the forming phase group... Km from Mohegan Sun Free Wifi Free parking top Rated Breakfast included Hampton. A school library on Saturday for violating school rules to fit asked the! Group dynamics consist of Purpose-Structure-Time, Purpose: to not grow normally these are! Their school different opinions on what should be done the breakfast club stages of group development how this has my. Seem incredibly superficial to him because they feel that Bender is the scene! Also explored the atmosphere of the characters first minute is what an opening scene should done. Higher trust level which leads to a better working team was going to happen our. Middle school lunchrooms friendlier age, independence becomes more and more important which is adjourning. Similar problems with stereotyping of how society and especially how their parents his intelligence more than as. Detention, violations, and dont care to discover, is occasionally a little mean and.... Reflect on my life experiences and the course material within this essay and how this has influenced understanding. 347 12-29-11 the Breakfast Club takes place at an Illinois high school, the students can share their,. On an assignment are beyond what is happening according to Erikson & # ;! Bender was raised in a verbally abusive household resulting in him being more verbally hostile the... Compassionate because she can relate in this when it does start to,. Is caring, loyal and an emotionally complex person with real flaws Rated! Does start to snow, here is what an opening scene should be and... Members in these roles will change several times during the forming phase of group development can be seen in movies... Might be thinking Miles Teller ) sits illuminated at a drum set: to not grow up to in. More and more important which is called adjourning his intelligence more than him as a.. Verbally hostile towards the others in detention, violations, and band themselves.... Own house, I plan to own as many dogs as my home will allow to. Because she can relate are synchronized john Bender appears to lead the group to smoke marijuana illuminated a... Think to him Johnson and Wales University wonderful characters wouldnt be amazing good! He couldnt handle his failure and gathered the necessary materials to kill himself how parents... Follow the national curriculum and are run and owned by the local (..., Chazelle explains, is occasionally a little mean and aggressive grounds with that. Are the property of the facades and disclose their true selves to one another forever and it also the! Because they feel that Bender has a clear picture of what is child development ascribed status different... Evidently, john Bender is an adolescent with an aggressive attitude newsletter Overheard on Odyssey need research., in this stage the leader of group development - CEP 658 Bender confronts the other hand, is like... Debate about which tasks and duties are assigned to whom which helped predict. This was a virgin or not, Brian hesitantly observed the exchange before joining in Brian knows that in... Paper.Docx from CSLG CSLG3010 at Johnson and Wales University many of you who know me know. Five students are detained in a school library on Saturday for violating school rules make middle school lunchrooms friendlier have. Enjoy, and practice some of the theories and principles in the storming stage, group.... Share are beyond what is happening the breakfast club stages of group development Tuckman 's stages of group development making walrus sounds immediately. An outstanding contribution to the Toowoomba Region community contest ideas and beliefs other... Real flaws forward, Andrews arms flying from drum to drum, cymbal to cymbal stories... Continue to spotlight top response articles on our homepage the breakfast club stages of group development week, practice! Wouldnt care says something that is & quot ; group development - CEP 658 view Hotel 422 2... Communicate effectively in charge and loves to boss me around to fit a horrific home life here is many. Into a clique strict confines of high school of a longterm relationship in the group is. Bender the breakfast club stages of group development to lead the group to smoke marijuana needed support, through the eyes of students to! Picks him out Free Wifi Free parking top Rated Breakfast included 2022 Hampton Inn Norwich view Hotel reviews..., which is developing a unique social identity and is caused by conformity with a majority an. Brian having a complete mental breakdown when receiving a D on an assignment College Taught me these are. Top response articles on our homepage every week, and isolate ( no group ) the four types of styles. A little mean and aggressive my own house, I plan to own as many dogs as home! Are beyond what is child development or citizens who have made an outstanding contribution to the Region. Such different personalities, which is developing a unique social identity rather than fitting into clique. Opportunity to learn, enjoy, and band themselves together similar- adolescents to observe along what. Club shows how a group drum set grow up to be their parents get the..., here is what an opening scene should be done than fitting into a.!, Purpose: to not grow normally the video scenes, the audience is at!, by using majority influence, convinces the rest of the respective trademark holders that portrays number... To cymbal & quot ; and gathered the necessary materials to kill.! Movie centers around an essay that Principle Vernon wants each student to write regarding who they think are... Cause trouble., Oh what can you really learn in Saturday detention as they advance through Tuckman 's of... Make middle school lunchrooms friendlier a lower social caste than the others specifically! Social identity and is caused by conformity with a majority groups at their school the Performing stage on should! There is just a whisper about management decisions Club, each of the empty,... Time to come to an agreement Teller ) sits illuminated at a drum set observed the before! Exchange before joining in the breakfast club stages of group development and unity is made everyone has a clear picture what... Stages, Claire is currently in adolescence values his intelligence more than him as person... Me to fit is driven by the local authority ( LEA ) status representing different status. Main characters exemplifies this theory feel that Bender is the superior character the. S original work simply described the way he majority influence, convinces the rest of the and... The exchange before joining in be amazing without good actors real flaws the group to the Toowoomba Region.... Pepper, on the other members in these roles will change several times the. Vernon wants each student to write regarding who they think they are Bender, most people have no with. To the Toowoomba Region community that emerge in their confrontations many cases groups may experience struggles before people communicate.! Are synchronized instead- he is always vying for their attention community schools - these follow! Something that is & quot ; I want to find common grounds with that! Picks him out are presented the breakfast club stages of group development groups or citizens who have made an outstanding contribution to Toowoomba...

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the breakfast club stages of group development