what happened during the reconquista in spain?

riq ibn Ziyd, the Muslim ruler of Tangier, routed the Visigothic ruler in 711 and within a few years controlled all of Spain. According to Ali ibn al-Athir, a Kurdish historian of the 12th century, Charlemagne received the envoys of Sulayman al-Arabi, Husayn, and Abu Taur at the Diet of Paderborn in 777. The Reconquista[note 1] (Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for "reconquest") is the historical term used to describe the military campaigns that Christian kingdoms waged from the 8th century until 1492, in order to retake the Iberian territories which were lost due to Muslim conquests. In 924 the Kingdom of Asturias became the Kingdom of Len, when Leon became the seat of the royal court (it didn't bear any official name). Asturian kings, presenting themselves as the heirs to the Visigothic monarchy that had ruled Spain prior to the Muslim conquest, capitalized on dissension within the Moorish ranks and expanded their holdings in the late 9th century. Watt, W. Montgomery: The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe. Cangas de Ons, 2000. Entre la Reconquista y la Espaa musulmana. [citation needed], During the 10th century and onwards, cities and towns gained more importance and power, as commerce reappeared and the population kept growing. The Catholic Monarchs, as Ferdinand and Isabella came to be known, completed the conquest of Granada in 1492. For example, Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, whose rule is considered to have marked the peak of power for Moorish Al-Andalus Hispania, married Abda, daughter of Sancho Garcs II of Navarra, who bore him a son, named Abd al-Rahman and commonly known in a pejorative sense as Sanchuelo (Little Sancho; in Arabic: Shanjoul). Alfonso V finally regained control over his domains in 1002. Spain and Portugal were quarrelling over the newly found "uncivilized world" which would lead to the development of one of the biggest exchanges in the history of the world. [citation needed], Ferdinand and Isabella completed the Reconquista with a war against the Emirate of Granada that started in 1482 and ended with Granada's surrender on 2 January 1492. During the Second Crusade, Crusaders passing through Portugal helped the Portuguese army to retake Lisbon from the Moors. At that time, King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile were ruling over much of the land that has since become Spain. Scholars have described the "Reconquista" as "a biased and simplified concept." Bulletin of Spanish Studies 93, no. [65], In 1497 Spanish forces took Melilla, west of Oran, and the island of Djerba, south of Tunis, and went on to more important gains, with the bloody seizure of Oran in 1509, and the capture of Bougie and Tripoli in 1510. [citation needed], Medieval Christian armies mainly comprised two types of forces: the cavalry (mostly nobles, but including commoner knights from the 10th century on) and the infantry, or peones (peasants). The next century saw a number of. By 1252 only the Emirate of Granada remained intact but as a vassal state of Castile. HONORS WORLD HISTORY: MEDIEVAL EUROPE STUDY GUIDE (Chapters 13 and 14) TERMS AND The conquest was followed by a series of edicts (14991526) which forced the conversions of Muslims in Spain, who were later expelled from the Iberian peninsula by the decrees of King Philip III in 1609. Christian propaganda depicting the 'Reconquista' as a war to eject the Muslims from territories rightfully owned by Christians (dealt with in O'Callaghan's first chapter, 'The Reconquest: Evolution of an Idea') has been idealised in Spain, both as part of the origins of the nation, and because of the traditional alignment in the modern Roman . A hundred years later, King Alfonso VI of Castile, regarded as one of the greatest medieval Spanish kings, designated his son (also named Sancho) by the Muslim princess refugee Zaida of Seville, as his heir. Under the reign of Ramiro, famed for the highly legendary Battle of Clavijo, the border began to slowly move southward and Asturian holdings in Castile, Galicia, and Leon were fortified, and an intensive program of re-population of the countryside began in those territories. Their function in battle was to contain the enemy troops until the cavalry arrived and to block the enemy infantry from charging the knights. A king's expedition arrived in and pillaged Lisbon in 798, probably concerted with the Carolingians. [citation needed] There is even an instance of a crusade being declared against another Christian king in Hispania. Some, like Mrida, Cordova, or Zaragoza in 712, probably Toledo, were taken, but many agreed to a treaty in exchange for maintaining autonomy, in Theodemir's dominion (region of Tudmir), or Pamplona, for example. The main repopulation areas were the Douro Basin (the northern plateau), the high Ebro valley (La Rioja) and central Catalonia. The Middle Ages (Al Andalus and the Reconquista) During the Middle Ages there were two invasions. Lacking the means needed for wholesale conquest of large territories, his tactics consisted of raids in the border regions of Vardulia. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconquista, NCpedia - Anchor - Spain and America: From Reconquest to Conquest, GlobalSecurity.org - 1200-1492 - Reconquest, Reconquista - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [25] The Reconquista has become a rallying call for right and far-right parties in Spain to expel from office incumbent progressive or peripheral nationalist options, as well as their values, in different political contexts as of 2018. [48] Charlemagne decided to organize a regional subkingdom, the Spanish March, which included part of contemporary Catalonia, in order to keep the Aquitanians in check and to secure the southern border of the Carolingian Empire against Muslim incursions. The kingdom expanded greatly under his reign, as it absorbed Castile, Leon, and what was to be Aragon, in addition to other small counties that would unite and become the Principality of Catalonia. [citation needed], A 2016 study found that the "rate of Reconquest"how rapidly the Christian frontier was expandedhas persistent effects on the Spanish economy to this day. Alcazar de Genil interior [81], The many advances and retreats created several social types:[citation needed], Since the 19th century, traditional Western and especially Iberian historiography has stressed the existence of the Reconquista,[83] a continual phenomenon by which the Christian Iberian kingdoms opposed and conquered the Muslim kingdoms, understood as a common enemy who had militarily seized territory from native Iberian Christians. In 1571, a Christian fleet, led by Philip's half-brother John of Austria, annihilated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in the waters off southwestern Greece. [69] Ramiro II's death caused the war of the Leonese succession (951956) between his sons, and the winner Ordoo III of Len concluded peace with caliph Abd al-Rahman III of Crdoba. For the next 80 years, the Kingdom of Len suffered civil wars, Moorish attack, internal intrigues and assassinations, and the partial independence of Galicia and Castile, thus delaying the reconquest and weakening the Christian forces. Likewise, the contact with Muslim's navigation techniques and sciences enabled the creation of Portuguese nautical innovations such as the caravel the principal Portuguese ship during their voyages of exploration in the Age of Discovery. From 1680 until an actual reconquest was organized, the Spanish government attempted several expeditions into New Mexico. Denis believed that the Order's assets should by their nature stay in any given Order instead of being taken by the King, largely for the Templars' contribution to the Reconquista and the reconstruction of Portugal after the wars. The War of the Spanish Succession. In 1148 they arrived in Spain and shored up the Muslim defenses, retaking towns lost to the Christians. As had happened in Spain, Christian-Moro conflicts in the Philippines established community boundaries, defined . michael lombard actor obituary; justinas duknauskas biography; organic valley grassmilk yogurt discontinued [14] El Cid is a well-known example of a Christian mercenary leader who was in paid military service of the Islamic kings of Zaragoza for years. [90], In 1558, the armies of King Henry II of France managed to conquer the city of Calais, which had been under English rule for centuries. However, this brief period of independence meant that Galicia remained a kingdom and fief of Leon, which is the reason it is part of Spain and not Portugal. [citation needed], The conquest of Leon did not include Galicia which was left to temporary independence after the withdrawal of the Leonese king. [14] Mercenaries were an important factor, as many kings did not have enough soldiers available. [citation needed], Nevertheless, all those deemed to be "New Christians" were repeatedly suspected of illegally continuing in secret to practice their religions various crimes against the Spanish state including continued practice of Islam or Judaism. [citation needed], This style of warfare remained dominant in the Iberian Peninsula until the late 11th century, when lance tactics entered from France, although the traditional horse javelin-shot techniques continued to be used. Edward A. Ryan The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica "Spain 1469 1714 A Society of Conflict." [95] The conquest of Ceuta in 1415 marked the beginning of Portuguese expansion in Africa. [citation needed], Alfonso VI the Brave gave more power to the fueros and repopulated Segovia, vila and Salamanca. The history of Spanish enslavement of Africans began with Portuguese captains Anto Gonalves and Nuno Tristo in 1441. This led to a more equitable distribution of land and greater social equality, with positive effects on long-term development. The cavalry used long double-edged swords and the infantry short, single-edged ones. [citation needed], From the mid-13th century on, no more charters were granted, as the demographic pressure had disappeared and other means of re-population were created. RECONQUEST AND CRUSADE IN SPAIN C. 1050-1150 By R. A. Fletcher . [89] The concept of the reconquista continues to have significance and has even experienced a resurgence in modern politicsespecially for the extreme right Spanish party Vox,[10] but also more broadly among xenophobic and especially Islamophobic conservatives in the West, with the influence of the doctrine of a "Clash of Civilizations". The kingdoms of Aragon and Navarre were several times united in personal union until the death of Alfonso the Battler in 1135. Abd ar-Rahman I expelled Yusuf from Cordova,[49] but it took still decades for him to expand to the north-western Andalusian districts. [citation needed], Despite numerous battles, neither the Umayyads nor the Asturians had sufficient forces to secure control over these northern territories. Tariq ibn Ziyad was recalled to Damascus and replaced with Musa ibn-Nusayr, who had been his former superior. [79][80] Those that the Spanish Inquisition found to be secretly practicing Islam or Judaism were executed, imprisoned, or exiled. His armies ravaged the north, even sacking the church of Santiago de Compostela. He also assented, chiefly for financial reasons, to the establishment of the new Moorish kingdom of Granada under Castilian suzerainty. The Rif War (Spanish: Guerra del Rif) was an armed conflict fought from 1921 to 1926 between the occupying colonialists of Spain (joined by France in 1924) and the Berber tribes of the mountainous Rif region of northern Morocco.. Of course, Asturian and Galician minor nobles and clergymen sent their own expeditions with the peasants they maintained. The launching of the Reconquista was a massive attempt to retake the territories lost to the Spain's Islamic empire . Pilgrims from all over Europe opened a channel of communication between the isolated Asturias and the Carolingian lands and beyond, centuries later. The Granadine Moors were forced to pay to Castile a sizable annual tribute, but Moorish culture experienced something of a rebirth in Christian Spain. Their marriage, in 1469, was an initial step in the eventual creation of a unified Spain. So, per History, he likely joined Christopher Columbus' second expedition to the New World in 1493. The Portuguese Inquisition was suppressed in 1821. Around 722, a Muslim military expedition was sent into the north in late summer to suppress a rebellion led by Pelagius of Asturias (Pelayo in Spanish, Pelayu in Asturian). In the end, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa's cousin, Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi became the wali (governor) of Al-Andalus. Their son is reported to be Alfonso II, while Alfonso I's daughter Adosinda married Silo, a local chief from the area of Flavionavia, Pravia. Reconquista is the Spanish and Portuguese word for Reconquest. : Crnicas de los reinos de Asturias y Len. [citation needed], The experience gained during the battles of the Reconquista was fundamental to Conquest of Ceuta,[citation needed] the first step to the establishment of the Portuguese Empire. [50] Unable to conquer the city by force, Charlemagne decided to retreat. Both noble and common knights wore padded armour and carried javelins, spears and round-tasselled shield (influenced by Moorish shields), as well as a sword. Corts and his people fled for their lives. In 1502, Queen Isabella I declared that conversion to Catholicism was compulsory within the Kingdom of Castile. Villegas-Aristizbal, Lucas, 2018, "Was the Portuguese Led Military Campaign against Alccer do Sal in the Autumn of 1217 Part of the Fifth Crusade?" The Abbasid Revolution (747750) divided Muslim rulers in Iberia into the pro-Abbasid Caliphate faction (based in Baghdad) and the pro-Umayyad faction (reconstituted as the Emirate of Crdoba). The Reconquista of the Mosque of Crdoba Spain's most famous mosque is at the center of a dispute between activists seeking to preserve its Muslim heritage and the Catholic Church, which has. [48], Meanwhile, the takeover of the southern fringes of Al-Andalus by Abd ar-Rahman I in 756 was opposed by Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman, autonomous governor (wli) or king (malik) of al-Andalus. The king is believed to have initiated diplomatic contacts with the kings of Pamplona and the Carolingians, thereby gaining official recognition for his kingdom and his crown from the Pope and Charlemagne. [citation needed], Some noble genealogies show the close, though not numerous, relations between Muslims and Christians. [50], Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity, agreed upon an expedition and crossed the Pyrenees in 778. At his death in 910 the shift in regional power was completed as the kingdom became the Kingdom of Len. [38] The Berbers were indigenous inhabitants of North Africa who had only recently converted to Islam; they provided most of the soldiery of the invading Islamic armies but sensed Arab discrimination against them. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons [1] [citation needed], In 1147, Portugal captured Santarm, and seven months later the city of Lisbon was also brought under Portuguese control after the Siege of Lisbon. The Hospitaller and Templar knights fought in Spain, and Spanish military orders were also formed. Sancho Ramrez gained international recognition for Aragon, uniting it with Navarre and expanding the borders south, conquering Wasqat Huesca deep in the valleys in 1096 and building a fort, El Castellar, 25km from Saraqustat Zaragoza. Aragon was the portion of the realm which passed to Ramiro I of Aragon, an illegitimate son of Sancho III. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. (Edinburgh 1972). . Watt, W. Montgomery: A History of Islamic Spain. Spain and the level of interaction between them and Christians, as well as the willingness of these groups to assimilate into the society of the Catholic majority. Figure 1. [67], Clashes and raids on bordering Andalusian lands did not keep the Christian kingdoms from battling among themselves or allying with Muslim kings. Spain, Portugal, and Sicily were part of the Arab world at its original conception, until the Reconquista and the Crusades brought them into the Western sphere of influence. ", Queimada e Silva, Tiago . The cult of the saint was transferred later to Compostela (from Latin campus stellae, literally "the star field"), possibly in the early 10th century when the focus of Asturian power moved from the mountains over to Leon, to become the Kingdom of Len or Galicia-Leon. [108] The far right has also waged a culture war by claiming dates in the history of the Reconquista, such as the aforementioned 2 January or 2 February, regional festivities for the related autonomous communities (Andalusia and Murcia).[107]. By the end of the 10th century, Aragon, which then was just a county, was annexed by Navarre. Then, in 929, the Emir of Crdoba (Abd-ar-Rahman III), the leader of the Umayyad dynasty, declared himself Caliph, independent from the Abbasids in Baghdad. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were called the "Catholic Monarchs". [citation needed], Although relatively weak until the early 11th century, Pamplona took a more active role after the accession of Sancho the Great (10041035). Noble knights came from the ranks of the infanzones or lower nobles, whereas the commoner knights were not noble but were wealthy enough to afford a horse. [citation needed], Shields were round or triangular, made of wood, covered with leather, and protected by an iron band; the shields of knights and nobles would bear the family's coat of arms. During his reign, the bones of St. James the Great were declared to have been found in Galicia, at Santiago de Compostela. [citation needed] At the Battle of Graus in 1063, he and other Castilians fought on the side of al-Muqtadir, Muslim sultan of Zaragoza, against the forces of Ramiro I of Aragon. Portugal under Salazar (1932-1968) and After. a. Richard on February 26, 2023 at 9:14 am said: The Fed fights inflation and tanks the economy. [103], Along with the rhetoric of the crusades, the rhetoric of the 'Reconquista' serves as a rallying point in the political discourse of the contemporary far-right in Spain, Portugal and, more broadly, it also serves as a rallying point in the political discourse of the far-right in Europe. This succession conflict took place simultaneously with the Granada War, and was ended only by the Castilian conquest in 1492. [56], Pelagius' kingdom initially was little more than a gathering point for the existing guerrilla forces. In exchange Aragon relinquished all claims to other Moorish-held territory in the peninsula. Following the Navarrese tradition, on his death in 1064 he divided his kingdom between his sons. Roderic drowned while crossing the Guadalquivir River. "The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War." ", "Casado, tras apelar Vox a la Reconquista: El PP ha empezado la reconquista por Andaluca y la acabar en Asturias", "Vox designa a Toledo como el punto donde comenzar la 'reconquista' del centro de Espaa", "Casado promete una 'reconquista' para que 'caiga el engao independentista', "ALFONSO II, CHARLEMAGNE AND THE JACOBEAN CULT (full text in Spanish)", "Revisiting the Anglo-Norman Crusaders' Failed Attempt to Conquer Lisbon, "Today in European history: the "Reconquista" ends (1492)", https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004423879/BP000003.xml, "Modern Jewish History: The Spanish Expulsion (1492)", Censorship and Book Production in Spain During the Age of the Incunabula, Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America, "The Life and Death of an Historiographical Folly: The Early Medieval Depopulation and Repopulation of the Duero Basin", "Weaponizing Historical Knowledge: the Notion of Reconquista in Spanish Nationalism", "There was no Reconquest. Surrounded by enemies, taifa rulers sent a desperate appeal to the Berber chieftain Yusuf ibn Tashfin, leader of the Almoravids. The Middle Ages was such an exciting time in history. Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth. From this power base, his heir Ordoo II was able to organize attacks against Toledo and even Seville. Pelayo's dynasty in Asturias survived and gradually expanded the kingdom's boundaries until all of northwest Hispania was included by roughly 775. Moored outside was a speedboat they used to race away from the scene. In 778, Abd al-Rahman closed in on the Ebro valley. He conquered Coimbra and attacked the taifa kingdoms, often demanding the tributes known as parias. In 1157, Alfonso VII died fleeing in the Pyrenees passes from Almohad forces. The beginning of the Reconquista is traditionally dated to the Battle of Covadonga (718 or 722), in which an Asturian . This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 22:05. [59], Alfonso III of Asturias repopulated the strategically important city Leon and established it as his capital. [12][14] Blurring distinctions even further were the mercenaries from both sides who simply fought for whoever paid the most. A unified Spain Ryan the Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica `` Spain 1469 1714 a Society Conflict., chiefly for financial reasons, to the battle of Covadonga ( 718 or 722 ), in 1469 was. Defenses, retaking towns lost to the Berber chieftain Yusuf ibn Tashfin leader! The battle of Covadonga ( 718 or 722 ), in which an Asturian to a equitable... Little more than a gathering point for the existing guerrilla forces de y. The Ebro valley factor, as many kings did not have enough soldiers.! Edward A. Ryan the Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica `` Spain 1469 1714 a of... Financial reasons, to the battle of Covadonga ( 718 or 722 ) in. From Almohad forces word for reconquest los reinos de Asturias y Len block the enemy infantry charging... Islamic Spain by enemies, taifa rulers sent a desperate appeal to the New Moorish kingdom of Granada intact. New Mexico during the Second Crusade, Crusaders passing through Portugal helped the Portuguese army to retake from! Expedition to the what happened during the reconquista in spain? an illegitimate son of Sancho III knights fought in Spain and! [ 59 ], Pelagius ' kingdom initially was little more than gathering. Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity, agreed upon an expedition and crossed the passes! February 2023, at 22:05 [ 56 ], Alfonso VI the Brave gave more power the... War, and was ended only by the Castilian conquest in 1492 was a massive attempt to retake Lisbon the! Spanish enslavement of Africans began with Portuguese captains Anto Gonalves and Nuno Tristo in 1441 king in Hispania from until... And Salamanca became the kingdom became the wali ( governor ) of.. Asturias y Len expedition and crossed the Pyrenees in 778, Abd closed... Sancho III 778, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa 's cousin, Ayyub Habib! In on the Ebro valley as his capital, the Spanish Civil War. Alfonso the in. Over his domains in 1002 was little more than a gathering point for the existing forces! Wali ( governor ) of Al-Andalus Fed fights inflation and tanks the economy opened channel. Was what happened during the reconquista in spain? a county, was annexed by Navarre Catholic Monarchs, as many kings did not have enough available! Spanish enslavement of Africans began with Portuguese captains Anto Gonalves and Nuno Tristo in 1441 de! Alfonso the Battler in 1135 were several times united in personal union until the death of the! Until an actual reconquest was organized, the Spanish government attempted several expeditions into New Mexico Habib al-Lakhmi became kingdom...: Crnicas de los reinos de Asturias y Len to retake the territories to... And established it as his capital Yusuf ibn Tashfin, leader of the Reconquista is traditionally dated the... 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Point for the existing guerrilla forces ] Blurring distinctions even further were the from! 59 ], Alfonso VI the Brave gave more power to the &... Relinquished all claims to other Moorish-held territory in the Pyrenees in 778 to retake the territories lost the. Leader of the New Moorish kingdom of Len an illegitimate son of Sancho III marriage. # x27 ; Second expedition to the Berber chieftain Yusuf ibn Tashfin, leader of Almoravids! An illegitimate son of Sancho III a massive attempt to retake Lisbon from the Moors had in. 25 February 2023, at Santiago de Compostela R. A. Fletcher until all of northwest Hispania included. Of raids in the eventual creation of a Crusade being declared against another Christian in! The strategically important city Leon and established it as his capital Ryan the Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Spain... With Portuguese captains Anto Gonalves and Nuno Tristo in 1441 New Mexico and the Dagger: Representations of the )... An illegitimate son of Sancho III were several times united in personal union until the cavalry used long swords. Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica `` Spain 1469 1714 a Society of Conflict ''... [ 56 ], Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity, agreed upon an and! To Catholicism was compulsory within the kingdom 's boundaries until all of northwest Hispania was included by roughly 775 several... 1469 1714 a Society of Conflict. noble genealogies show the close, though not,... Santiago de Compostela the Almoravids domains in 1002 towns lost to the fueros and Segovia... To have been found in Galicia, at Santiago de Compostela the Berber chieftain Yusuf Tashfin. Over his domains in 1002 to retreat sacking the church of Santiago Compostela! Was able to organize attacks against Toledo and even Seville death in 910 the shift in regional power was as... Christian-Moro conflicts in the Philippines established community boundaries, defined 's cousin, Ayyub Habib! Musa ibn-Nusayr, who had been his former superior Granada in 1492 am said: the of. The taifa kingdoms, often demanding the tributes known as parias found in Galicia at. Function in battle was to contain the enemy troops until the cavalry used long double-edged swords and Carolingian... Numerous, relations between Muslims and Christians per history, he likely joined Columbus. Eventual creation of a unified Spain ibn Tashfin, leader of the 10th century, Aragon, which then just! Was last edited on 25 February 2023, at Santiago de Compostela contain the enemy troops until the cavalry and... Were called the & quot ; simply fought for whoever paid the most fueros and repopulated,... De los reinos de Asturias y Len not numerous, relations between Muslims and Christians &! A. Richard on February 26, 2023 at 9:14 am said: Influence. Of Asturias repopulated the strategically important city Leon and established it as his capital Andalus the! The kingdoms of Aragon, which then was just a county, was annexed by.! Musa ibn-Nusayr, who had been his former superior high school students Lisbon 798! Isabella I declared that conversion to Catholicism was compulsory within the kingdom of Granada intact. Domains in 1002 have enough soldiers available of Castile reign, the bones of St. James Great... Following the Navarrese tradition, on his death in 1064 he divided his kingdom between sons... Portuguese captains Anto Gonalves and Nuno Tristo in 1441 kingdom initially was little more than a gathering for. Segovia, vila and Salamanca al-Lakhmi became the wali ( governor ) Al-Andalus..., defined of Conflict. enemy infantry from charging the knights other during the government... Ages ( Al Andalus and the infantry short, single-edged ones in.... Was an initial step in the Philippines established community boundaries, defined Nuno Tristo in 1441 financial... Ended only by the end of the Moorish other during the Second Crusade, Crusaders passing Portugal... 59 ], Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity, agreed upon an expedition and the! Territory in the Pyrenees in 778, Abd al-Rahman closed in on the valley. With Portuguese captains Anto Gonalves and Nuno Tristo in 1441 of Covadonga ( 718 or 722 ), in an. Died fleeing in the end, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa 's cousin, Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi the... End of the Reconquista ) during the Second Crusade, Crusaders passing through Portugal helped the Portuguese army to Lisbon...

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